ABSTRACT
Determination of the main nutritional requirements at different developmental stages is a prerequisite in the formulation of feeds for newly cultured fish species. In the present study, the lipid and protein requirements of larvae of a native Mexican fish, the three-spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum, were assessed using a two-factor experimental design that considered four protein (35, 40, 45, and 50%) and two lipid levels (16 and 22%) on growth, survival, and digestive enzyme activities. The best growth and feed efficiency results were obtained when larvae were fed diets including 45% protein and 22% lipids. Comprehensive evaluation of the profile of digestive enzymes using multivariate analysis also demonstrated significant differences in nutritional condition generated by varying inclusion of nutrients. Thus, an increase in protein led to an increase in alkaline protease activity and a reduction in leucine aminopeptidase activity, and the reduction of dietary lipid content led to a significant increase in lipase and trypsin enzymatic activities. Based on our results, C. trimaculatum larvae have a high capacity to hydrolyze both nutrients (protein and lipids) for the high digestive enzyme activities and increase their growth, particularly with a diet containing 45% protein and 22% lipids.
Subject(s)
Cichlids/physiology , Diet , Dietary Fats , Dietary Proteins , Animals , Cichlids/metabolism , Lipase , Lipids , Proteins , TrypsinSubject(s)
Algorithms , Blood Pressure Determination/methods , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Blood Pressure , Blood Pressure Determination/instrumentation , Female , Humans , Male , Manometry/instrumentation , Manometry/methods , Middle Aged , Pulse , Tilt-Table TestABSTRACT
Twenty-five women with preeclampsia who were scheduled to undergo cesarean section under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to either a labetalol pretreatment group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 10) who did not receive any antihypertensive therapy before the induction of anesthesia. Patients in the labetalol group received 20 mg of labetalol intravenously followed by 10 mg increments up to a total dose of 1 mg/kg, which resulted in moderate reductions in the maternal mean arterial pressure and heart rate with attenuation of the hypertensive and tachycardiac responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. In the labetalol group there was no excessive reduction in the mean arterial pressure with the use of isoflurane and the usual amount of blood loss that occurred during cesarean section. The neonatal Apgar scores and umbilical arterial and venous pH and blood gas values were similar in the two groups. Side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoglycemia were not seen in the neonates in the labetalol treatment group.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/prevention & control , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Labetalol/therapeutic use , Pre-Eclampsia/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Anesthesia, Obstetrical/adverse effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cesarean Section , Female , Humans , Hypertension/etiology , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Reflex/drug effects , Tachycardia/etiology , Tachycardia/prevention & controlABSTRACT
A method of optimizing the geometrical and electrical parameters of multielectrodes implanted in the brain is presented. The method should be valuable for the standardization of the implantation procedure. It bases on numerical solutions of the partial differential equations governing the electric potential. A description of the computer program developed is given, results pertaining to special cases are included, as well as other possible applications.
