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Resumen Introducción: Las brechas de desigualdad entre zonas urbanas y rurales a nivel mundial y en especial en países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia, son cada vez mayores. Objetivo: Entre los principales fines de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible -ODS-, está la disminución de dichas brechas. En este artículo son analizados algunos indicadores que evidencian las diferencias existentes entre los territorios urbanos y rurales en Colombia, y la manera como el sector de la economía social y solidaria, especialmente el sector cooperativo, ha contribuido en dicho fin. Materiales y Métodos: Lo anterior bajo un enfoque social cualitativo con método comparativo que busca a partir de la descripción y análisis estadístico de indicadores socioeconómicos, la relación entre el cumplimiento de los ODS y la contribución del sector cooperativo en algunas zonas del país. Los resultados sugieren que en Colombia el mayor déficit de indicadores y carencias son congruentes. Conclusión: los ODS, se encuentran en las zonas rurales debido a la existencia de factores estructurales que harán muy difícil el cumplimiento y aporte de nuestro país a la agenda del 2030, por lo que se requiere de manera urgente la intervención de otros actores.
Abstract Introduction: The inequality gaps between urban and rural areas worldwide and especially in developing countries such as Colombia, are increasing. Objective: Among the main purposes of the Sustainable Development Goals -ODS-, is the reduction of these gaps. In this article, some indicators that show the differences between urban and rural territories in Colombia are analyzed, and the way in which the social and solidarity economy sector, especially the cooperative sector, has contributed to this end. Materials and Methods: The foregoing under a qualitative social approach with a comparative method that seeks from the description and statistical analysis of socioeconomic indicators, the relationship between compliance with the SDGs and the contribution of the cooperative sector in some areas of the country. The Results suggest that in Colombia the greatest deficit of indicators and deficiencies are consistent. Conclusion: the SDGs are found in rural areas due to the existence of structural factors that will make it very difficult for our country to comply with and contribute to the 2030 agenda, therefore that the intervention of other actors is urgently required.
Resumo Introdução: As lacunas de desigualdade entre áreas urbanas e rurais em todo o mundo e especialmente em países em desenvolvimento como a Colômbia estão aumentando. Objetivos: Entre os principais objetivos dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável -ODS-, está a redução dessas lacunas. Neste artigo, são analisados alguns indicadores que mostram as diferenças entre os territórios urbano e rural na Colômbia e a forma como o setor da economia social e solidária, especialmente o cooperativista, tem contribuído para esse fim. Materiais e métodos: O anterior sob uma abordagem social qualitativa com um método comparativo que busca a partir da descrição e análise estatística dos indicadores socioeconômicos, a relação entre o cumprimento dos ODS e a contribuição do setor cooperativo em algumas áreas do país. Os Resultados: sugerem que na Colômbia os maiores déficits de indicadores e deficiências congruentes. Conclusão: os ODS encontram-se nas áreas rurais devido à existência de fatores estruturais que dificultarão o cumprimento e a contribuição de nosso país para a agenda 2030, portanto que a intervenção de outros atores é necessária com urgência.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan on carcass traits and meat quality of lambs finished in feedlot. Eighty lambs with an average body weight of 20.6 kg, with 04 months of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were represented by two cottonseed processing method (whole or ground) and two levels of chitosan (0 and 136 mg/kg BW). The association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan in the lamb diet did not affect (P>0.05) carcasses traits. The pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and proximate composition of meat were also not affected (P>0.05) by the processing method of cottonseed or its association with chitosan in the lamb diets. There was an increase in palmitoleic (c9-C16:1; P = 0.01) and conjugated linoleic (P = 0.02) fatty acids when ground cottonseed was associated with chitosan. Ground cottonseed associated with chitosan increases the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of feedlot lambs.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Chitosan/chemistry , Cottonseed Oil/chemistry , Food Handling , Animals , Body Composition/drug effects , Body Weight , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry , Humans , Meat/standards , Red Meat , Sheep/growth & development , Sheep, DomesticABSTRACT
Partial Least Squares (PLS) Mode B is a multi-block method and a tightly coupled algorithm for estimating structural equation models (SEMs). Describing key aspects of parallel computing, we approach the parallelization of the PLS Mode B algorithm to operate on large distributed data. We show the scalability and performance of the algorithm at a very fine-grained level thanks to the versatility of pbdR, a R-project library for parallel computing. We vary several factors under different data distribution schemes in a supercomputing environment. Shorter elapsed times are obtained for the square-blocking factor 16 × 16 using a grid of processors as square as possible and non-square blocking factors 1000 × 4 and 10000 × 4 using an one-column grid of processors. Depending on the configuration, distributing data in a larger number of cores allows reaching speedups of up to 121 over the CPU implementation. Moreover, we show that SEMs can be estimated with big data sets using current state-of-the-art algorithms for multi-block data analysis.
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Patients with Gaucher type 1 (GD1) throughout Argentina were enrolled in the Argentine bone project to evaluate bone disease and its determinants. We focused on presence and predictors of bone lesions (BL) and their relationship to therapeutic goals (TG) with timing and dose of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). A total of 124 patients on ERT were enrolled in a multi-center study. All six TG were achieved by 82% of patients: 70.1% for bone pain and 91.1% for bone crisis. However, despite the fact that bone TGs were achieved, residual bone disease was present in 108 patients on ERT (87%) at time 0. 16% of patients showed new irreversible BL (bone infarcts and avascular osteonecrosis) despite ERT, suggesting that they appeared during ERT or were not detected at the moment of diagnosis. We observed 5 prognostic factors that predicted a higher probability of being free of bone disease: optimal ERT compliance; early diagnosis; timely initiation of therapy; ERT initiation dose ≥45 UI/kg/EOW; and the absence of history of splenectomy. Skeletal involvement was classified into 4 major phenotypic groups according to BL: group 1 (12.9%) without BL; group 2 (28.2%) with reversible BL; group 3 (41.9%) with reversible BL and irreversible chronic BL; and group 4 (16.9%) with acute irreversible BL. Our study identifies prognostic factors for achieving best therapeutic outcomes, introduces new risk stratification for patients and suggests the need for a redefinition of bone TG. Am. J. Hematol. 91:E448-E453, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Bone Diseases/diagnosis , Gaucher Disease/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Argentina , Bone Diseases/etiology , Bone Diseases/pathology , Child , Early Diagnosis , Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Gaucher Disease/diagnosis , Gaucher Disease/drug therapy , Gaucher Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Medication Adherence , Middle Aged , Phenotype , Prognosis , Risk Assessment , Splenectomy , Young Adult , beta-Glucosidase/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar la estructura de la mortalidad evitable en Medellín entre 2004 y 2009 y de los Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (apvp). Metodología: en un estudio descriptivo con información del dane, se utilizó el Inventario de Causas de Mortalidad Evitable (icme) propuesto por Gómez 2006. Se calcularon las tasas medianas ajustadas de mortalidad evitable por edad, sexo y año, cuyo denominador utilizado fue el de la población de Medellín correspondiente al periodo indicado. Se calcularon los apvp para cada causa evitable sumando para todas muertes el resultado obtenido de diferenciar la esperanza de vida, la de Colombia en el 2009 y la edad de la muerte. Estos apvp se ajustaron por el método directo, con población estándar la de Colombia. Resultados: en el sexenio, el 48,9% de las defunciones (35.046) se consideraron evitables, con predominio de las relacionadas con las medidas mixtas, 875,1 por cada cien mil habitantes, preferiblemente en los hombres y a los 36 años o menos en el 50% de los casos. En este grupo, las causas violentas constituyeron el 58% de las defunciones en una relación de 7 a 1 a favor de los hombres. Los apvp para 2009 se incrementaron con respecto a los años anteriores en un 22,9%. Conclusión: se observó un gradiente positivo de la mortalidad evitable, esto es, a años más recientes mayor es el indicador de la misma. En el período de estudio las tasas de mortalidad evitable para los hombres, en general y en cada año fueron mayores que las de las mujeres...
Objective: to determine the structure of avoidable mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost (ypll) in Medellín in the period 2004-2009). Methodology: in a descriptive study using data from the dane, the inventory of Causes of Avoidable Mortality (icme) proposed by Gómez in 2006 was used. The median rates of avoidable mortality adjusted for age, sex and year were calculated, and the population of Medellin between 2004 and 2009 was used as denominator. The ypll were calculated for each cause of Avoidable death by summing the difference between the life expectancy of Colombia in 2009 and the age of death. These ypll were adjusted using the direct method and the standard population of Colombia. Results: in the six years of the study, 48.9% of the deaths (35,046) were considered avoidable. Deaths related to mixed measures were predominant (875.1 per hundred thousand inhabitants); these deaths were higher for men, and the median age was 36 years old or younger in 50% of the cases. In this group, violent causes accounted for 58% of the deaths, showing a ratio of 7:1 in favor of men. In 2009, the amount of ypll increased in 22.9% compared to the previous year. Conclusion: in this study, a positive gradient of avoidable mortality was observed, that is to say, the value of the avoidable mortality indicator is higher for more recent years. Similarly, the rates of avoidable mortality were higher for men than for women during the studied period, both for each year and in general...
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Humans , Mortality , Life ExpectancyABSTRACT
El propósito de este trabajo es analizar, desde una aproximación evolutiva, el comportamiento social de los primates, para explorar el significado del conflicto agresivo y de la reconciliación como su principal mecanismo de resolución dentro del contexto social intraespecífico. La vida en un grupo social de primates implica costos y beneficios para los miembros del grupo. Además, la convivencia en grupo permite el desarrollo de relaciones sociales complejas entre los miembros del grupo. Dado que la socialización genera competencia y conflictos que pueden implicar comportamientos agresivos, la agresión es costosa no solo en términos de gasto de energía y relaciones sociales sino también en términos de daño físico. Con base en esto, la selección natural deberá favorecer la agresión solo en los casos en los que el valor de los beneficios sea mayor que el de los costos. La agresión impone costos tanto al agresor como al receptor de la agresión. Por ello, es de esperar que la selección natural favorecerá a los individuos que disminuyan los costos de la agresión, pero al mismo tiempo favorecerá a los individuos que usen -adecuadamente- los episodios agonistas para ganar acceso a los recursos o para resolver conflictos en su favor. El conflicto generado entre los oponentes por un episodio agresivo puede implicar altos costos en términos de vínculos sociales, de ahí que hayan evolucionado distintos mecanismos de resolución de conflicto, como es el caso del comportamiento reconciliatorio, donde la cooperación tiene un importante papel como causa y consecuencia de la reconciliación.
The purpose of this article is to analyze, from an evolutionary approach, the social behavior of primates, to explore the meaning of aggressive conflict and reconciliation, its main mechanism of resolution, within an intraspecific social context. Life among a primate social group supposes costs and benefits to its members. Group life allows as well the development of complex social relationships. As socialization generates competition and conflicts that can boost aggressive behaviors, aggression imposes costs, not only energy expenditure and effects on social relationships but also physical damage. On that account, natural selection must favor aggression only when its benefits outnumber its costs. Since aggression implicates costs on both aggressors and victims, it would be expected that selection would favor those individuals who reduce the costs of aggression, but at the same time, favor those who can -adequately- use agonistic episodes to gain resources or to resolve conflicts in favor to themselves. Conflict generated between opponents can implicate high costs in social relationships terms, therefore, several mechanisms of conflict solution have evolved. Such is the case of reconciliatory behavior, where cooperation plays an important role as its cause and consequence.
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Objetivos. Caracterizar las especies de Candida que colonizan el conducto vaginal y su relación con sintomatología en las pacientes a quienes se les hace citología vaginal en Armenia (Quindío) y establecer el mejor cebador para la técnica de amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD). Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 226 muestras de flujo vaginal de mujeres que asistían a citología rutinaria preventiva y se les realizó cultivo en medio de Sabouraud, prueba de tubo germinal y batería de asimilación de carbohidratos. Se probaron tres cebadores para la amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico. Resultados. Se encontró una prevalencia de cultivos positivos en Sabouraud de 31,8% (77 de 226 muestras) con un predominio de Candida albicans, que representó el 71% de las especies cultivadas (55 de 77 cultivos). La frecuencia de síntomas de vaginitis fue mayor en mujeres con cultivo positivo para levadura (93%) que en las que tuvieron cultivo negativo (37%). El mejor método de extracción de ADN fue congelamiento y descongelamiento, y lisis con liticasa. La técnica de amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico fue aplicada a 47 aislamientos, y entre tres cebadores utilizados, el OPA9 fue el que permitió obtener mayores polimorfismos. Los análisis por dendrogramas mostraron 6 nodos predominantes, entre los cuales dos nodos incluyeron sólo aislamientos que producían síntomas (nodo IV y nodo V). En el nodo V se encontró que todos los aislamientos de C. albicans eran del mismo centro de salud. Conclusiones. En conclusión, C. albicans predomina y produce síntomas en mujeres de Armenia y el método de amplificación aleatoria de ADN polimórfico con el cebador OPA9, permitió obtener polimorfismos suficientes para conformar agrupamientos de las cepas de Candida.
Objectives: To characterize the Candida species in samples of routine vaginal cytology in Armenia (Colombia) and their relationship with symptoms. Also, to select the adequate primer for a random amplified polymorphismc DNA analysis (RAPD) applied to the Candida species to determine the level of genetic relation. Materials and methods: A total of 226 samples of vaginal secretions were obtained in patients that assist for routine preventive vaginal cytology. The samples were cultured in Sabouraud and then germ tube assay and carbohydrates assimilation test were performed. Three primers were assayed to determine the best for a reproducible RAPD technique. Results: The prevalence of Sabouraud positive cultures was 31.8% (77 of 226 samples) and Candida albicans was the predominant species, representing 71% (55 de 77 samples). Vaginitis symptoms were more frequent in women with positive Sabouraud cultures (93%) vs. women with negative Sabouraud cultures (37%). The best extraction method for DNA extraction was freezing and thawing cycles followed by enzymatic lyses with lyticase. In 47 isolates of Candida species, the best primer that resulted in significant polymorphisms was the OPA 9. A 95% similarity coefficient as obtained 6 clusters. Clusters IV and V only included C. albicans isolates producing symptoms. In cluster V all the isolates were from the same consultation center. Conclusions: C. albicans was the predominant yeast in Armenia and was related with a greater frequency of symptoms. The RAPD technique with OPA9 primer in Armenia, unravel genetic relations of C. albicans isolates that could be used for epidemiological studies.