Subject(s)
Allergens/immunology , Bee Venoms/therapeutic use , Desensitization, Immunologic/methods , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/immunology , Hypersensitivity/therapy , Insect Proteins/immunology , Melitten/immunology , Phospholipases A/immunology , Adult , Animals , Bees/immunology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Immunization , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIM: Few studies have compared cluster immunotherapy and conventional administration regimens. The aim of this study was to establish the safety profile of these different regimens in patients with allergic respiratory diseases who received index-of-reactivity (IR)-standardized allergen extracts by the subcutaneous route. MATERIALS & METHODS: The safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), administered by means of a 4-week cluster titration schedule (cluster-SCIT) or by an 8-week short conventional titration schedule (SC-SCIT), both with a target dose of 8 IR, was assessed in a retrospective, observational, multicenter study. RESULTS: A total of 658 patients (339 cluster-SCIT and 319 SC-SCIT) were recruited from 92 sites in Spain. Injection site reactions occurred in 25.1 and 27.3% of patients treated with cluster-SCIT and SC-SCIT, respectively. Systemic reactions (European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology criteria) were reported for 0.2% of doses and 1.5% of patients with cluster-SCIT, and 0.7% of doses and 4.4% of patients with SC-SCIT. Most reactions were mild and there were no grade 3 or 4 systemic reactions. No life-threatening systemic reactions, anaphylactic shock, or adverse events leading to therapy discontinuation were reported. CONCLUSION: The safety profile of the cluster regimen supports the use of accelerated SCIT schedules with IR-standardized allergen extracts compared with short conventional schedules, particularly if similar extracts and application methods are used.
Subject(s)
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/statistics & numerical data , Allergens/adverse effects , Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Allergens/administration & dosage , Allergens/immunology , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/immunology , Desensitization, Immunologic/methods , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Humans , Injections, Subcutaneous , Male , Middle Aged , Outcome Assessment, Health Care/methods , Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology , Retrospective Studies , Rhinitis/drug therapy , Rhinitis/immunology , Spain , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
There are many disorders that may involve the left ventricular (LV) apex; however, they are sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this setting cardiac imaging methods can provide the clue to obtaining the diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the spectrum of diseases that most frequently affect the apex of the LV including Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms, apical diverticula, apical ventricular remodelling, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, LV non-compaction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with LV involvement and LV false tendons, with an emphasis on the diagnostic criteria and imaging features. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13244-011-0091-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
ABSTRACT
La escuela es la institución que continúa y completa el proceso de formación iniciado en el hogar, en esta institución los adolescentes y jóvenes fortalecen su comportamiento y su integridad cultural; como una forma de corroborar lo dicho anteriormente se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo sobre la influencia del sistema educativo en la formación de valores en estudiantes del segundo año del curso 2001-2002. El universo estuvo conformado por 105 estudiantes. La fuente fue obtenida de encuestas realizadas a los estudiantes, de los datos estadísticos y controles del comité horizontal. Se utilizaron como variables las consideraciones del estudiante acerca de la participación en el cumplimiento de las tareas del sistema educativo, valores con mayor reafirmación e influencia en su formación, participación de la brigada en la ejecución del proyecto educativo, conocimiento y participación en la misión asignada al año, como dato significativo de este estudio destacamos el cumplimiento de las tareas del sistema educativo en el año, señalan que los valores con mayor reafirmación y solidez fueron el humanismo, la incondicionalidad, modestia, honestidad, sencillez, amor a la Patria, sus héroes y mártires, símbolos patrios, amor al trabajo, responsabilidad, antiimperialismo y el respeto a los ancianos y personas mayores. Se participó en la ejecución del proyecto educativo de la brigada y se conoce la misión asignada por el contingente Carlos Juan Finlay(AU)