Complete genome sequences of Gordonia rubripertincta phages OtterstedtS21 and Patos.

We report the genomes of two viruses with siphovirus morphology, OtterstedtS21 and Patos, from Albany, New York, using Gordonia rubripertincta. The genomes of OtterstedtS21 and Patos are ~68 kbp long with 58% GC content. Both phages group with cluster DV based on gene content similarity to phages in the Actinobacteriophage database.

Discriminability measures and time-frequency features: an application to vibrissal tactile discrimination.

BACKGROUND: Often, the first problem that the neuroscientist must face is to determine if a specific stimulus set applied to biological system produces specific, precise and well differentiated responses. NEW METHOD: In the present study we have proposed four discriminability measures to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating experimental conditions: information measures based on information theory, percentage overlap based on Linacre method, Bhattacharyya distance and univariate standard distance. All discriminability measures were evaluated on experimental protocols related to vibrissal tactile discrimination. RESULTS: Time-frequency features were extracted from afferent discharges and then, pairwise comparisons were realized by using the proposed discriminability measures. Our results reveal the existence of time-frequency patterns which allows differentiating of sweep conditions from multifiber recordings. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Currently, statistical methods used to justify significant differences in experimental conditions have rigorous criteria that must be met for correct validation of results. Discriminability measures proposed here are robust and can be adjusted to different experimental conditions (time series, repeated measures, specific variables and other). CONCLUSIONS: Discriminability measures allowed determining the time intervals where two sweep situations have the highest probability to be differentiated from each other. High discriminability percentages were observed into protraction phase, although to a lesser degree, it was also observed in retraction phase. It was demonstrated that sensibility of discriminability measures are different. This revealing a greater ability to highlight percentage changes of pairwise comparisons. Finally, the methods here proposed can be adapted to other features of biological responses.

Fast nonlinear region localisation for nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy of biological suspensions.

The nonlinear properties of biological suspensions have been previously presented as a bulk phenomenon without the influences of the electrodes. However, some authors have showed that the behaviour of a biological suspension is due to the nonlinear characteristics of the electrode-electrolyte interface (EEI), which is modulated by the presence of yeast cells. We have developed a method, complementary to the nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS) which is used for the study of the behaviour of EEI with resting cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method allows researchers to detect simply and quickly the voltage and frequency ranges where the metabolic activity of yeasts is detectable. This method does not replace NLDS, and aims to reduce the time during which the electrodes are exposed to corrosion by high voltages. In this paper we applied AC overpotentials (10-630 mV) with frequencies in the range from 1 to 1000 Hz. Also, we measured current harmonic distortion produced by the nonlinearity of the interface. Changes in the transfer function were observed when yeast suspension was used. Apart from the nonlinear response typical of the EEI, we also observed the biological nonlinear behaviour. The changes in the transfer functions were assessed using the overlapping index which was defined in terms of the conditional probability. The methodology was contrasted favourably with Fourier analysis. This novel strategy has the advantages of simplicity, sensitivity, reproducibility and involves basic tools such as the usual measurement of current.