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Introducción. El cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar es una neoplasia rara con alta probabilidad de malignidad. Su diagnóstico es un reto ya que se asemeja a otras masas benignas que pueden encontrarse en el hígado. Caso clínico. Mujer de 21 años con sensación de masa en hipocondrio derecho, a quien se le realizan marcadores tumorales y estudios de imágenes concluyendo que se trataba de un cistadenoma mucinoso biliar. Resultado. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar, diagnosticada y tratada exitosamente con cirugía. Conclusión. El diagnóstico de cistoadenoma mucinoso biliar se confirma mediante marcadores tumorales y estudios radiológicos, y su tratamiento es quirúrgico debido al riesgo de malignidad
Introduction. Biliary mucinous cystadenoma is a rare neoplasm with a high probability of malignancy. Its diagnosis is a challenge since it resembles other benign masses that can be found in the liver. Clinical case. A 21-year-old woman with a sensation of a mass in the right hypochondrium, who underwent tumor markers and imaging studies, concluding with a diagnosis of biliary mucinous cystadenoma. Result. A case of a patient with biliary mucinous cystadenoma diagnosed and successfully treated by surgery is presented. Conclusion. The diagnosis of biliary mucinous cystadenoma is confirmed by tumor markers and radiological studies, and its treatment is surgical due to the risk of malignancy
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor , Cystadenoma, Mucinous , Liver Neoplasms , Immunohistochemistry , Hepatomegaly , LiverABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the probabilities of transition between different types of care and diagnostic states for the population infected with COVID-19 in Colombia, by age group. METHODS: Using the official reports of COVID-19 cases in Colombia, transition matrices were calculated for the states according to the location of an infected person during the evolution of the disease, i.e. home, hospital or intensive care unit (ICU). The probabilities that infected persons will move to a state of "recovery" or "death" within a 24-hour period were also calculated for different territories. RESULTS: The population aged 66 or older had a higher probability of moving to the state of "death" in a period of 24 hours; this finding was confirmed for all the territories analyzed, with a probability between 52% and 57%, except for the Aburrá Valley where the probability was 25%. In Colombia, out of every 200 infected persons treated at home, one will require admission to the ICU within 24 hours. If the infected person is older than 65, one of every 53 cases will require admission to the ICU. Of infected hospital patients, one in 10 will require ICU admission within 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide information about the pressure that the increase of people infected by COVID-19 exerts on hospital capacity. Some people die without ever having been in an intensive care bed. The results of the transition probabilities show low case fatality rates for those under 65.
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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar las probabilidades de transición entre distintos tipos de atención y estados para la población infectada con la COVID-19 en Colombia, por grupos de edad. Métodos. Con los reportes oficiales de los casos de COVID-19 en Colombia se calcularon las matrices de transición para los estados referentes a la ubicación de una persona contagiada durante la evolución de la enfermedad, a saber: casa, hospital o unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Se calcularon asimismo las probabilidades que tienen las personas contagiadas de pasar a estados de recuperado o fallecido, en un periodo de 24 horas, para diferentes territorios. Resultados. La población con 66 años o más tiene mayores probabilidades de transitar al estado de fallecido en un periodo de 24 horas; este hallazgo se confirmó en todos los territorios analizados con una probabilidad de entre 52% y 57%, excepto para el Valle de Aburrá donde la probabilidad fue de 25%. En Colombia, de cada 200 personas infectadas tratadas en casa, una requerirá ingresar a la UCI en las siguientes 24 horas. Si la persona infectada es mayor de 65 años, requerirá ingreso a la UCI uno de cada 53 casos. De los pacientes infectados hospitalizados, uno de cada 10 requerirá UCI en las siguientes 24 horas. Conclusiones. Los resultados proporcionan información sobre la presión que el aumento de personas infectadas por la COVID-19 ejerce sobre la capacidad hospitalaria. Algunas personas fallecen sin pasar por una cama de cuidados intensivos. Los resultados de las probabilidades de transición evidencian tasas de letalidad bajas para los menores de 65 años.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine the probabilities of transition between different types of care and diagnostic states for the population infected with COVID-19 in Colombia, by age group. Methods. Using the official reports of COVID-19 cases in Colombia, transition matrices were calculated for the states according to the location of an infected person during the evolution of the disease, i.e. home, hospital or intensive care unit (ICU). The probabilities that infected persons will move to a state of “recovery” or “death” within a 24-hour period were also calculated for different territories. Results. The population aged 66 or older had a higher probability of moving to the state of “death” in a period of 24 hours; this finding was confirmed for all the territories analyzed, with a probability between 52% and 57%, except for the Aburrá Valley where the probability was 25%. In Colombia, out of every 200 infected persons treated at home, one will require admission to the ICU within 24 hours. If the infected person is older than 65, one of every 53 cases will require admission to the ICU. Of infected hospital patients, one in 10 will require ICU admission within 24 hours. Conclusions. The results provide information about the pressure that the increase of people infected by COVID-19 exerts on hospital capacity. Some people die without ever having been in an intensive care bed. The results of the transition probabilities show low case fatality rates for those under 65.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Pandemics , Probability , Health of Specific Groups , Public Health , Colombia , Pandemics , Probability , Health of Specific Groups , Public Health , COVID-19ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La inmovilización de las algas tiene múltiples aplicaciones, tales como la biorremediación del agua y la producción de metabolitos. Una de las variables que se puede determinar en las algas inmovilizadas es la fluorescencia de la clorofila a, debido a que este parámetro está relacionado con la respuesta fisiológica de estos organismos. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue explorar un método para la medición de la fluorescencia de la clorofila a en algas encapsuladas en esferas de alginato de calcio. Con este fin, se cultivaron dos especies de microalgas (Scenedesmus ovalternus LAUN 001 y Parachlorella kessleri LAUN 002) en monocultivos, tanto en condiciones de cultivo libres (10 mL de la preparación algal en 250 mL de Medio Básico de Bold), como encapsuladas (250 esferas de alginato de calcio en 250 mL de Medio Básico de Bold). Se realizaron diferentes protocolos de medición de la fluorescencia de la clorofila a del fotosistema II (PSII) variando a) el tiempo de preadaptación a la oscuridad (10, 15 y 30 min), b) la intensidad de luz generada por fluorómetro no modulado (entre 1000 y 3500 -jmoles m-2 s-1), y c) el tiempo de exposición a la luz actínica (1, 2 y 5 s). Se lograron establecer como condiciones óptimas para la medición de la eficiencia cuántica potencial del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm) en las algas encapsuladas las siguientes: a) 30 min de preadaptación a la oscuridad; b) 3000 -jmoles m-2 s-1, de intensidad lumínica generada desde el fluorómetro; y c) 1 o 2 s de exposición a la luz actínica. Se encontraron los siguientes valores en la Fv/Fm en condiciones no estresantes: 0,760 a 0,764 para S. ovalternus y 0,732 a 0,748 para P. kessleri. Esta metodología permite observar algunos cambios en la actividad fotoquímica relacionados con variaciones de los factores bajo los cuales se encuentran las algas inmovilizadas.
ABSTRACT Immobilization of algae has many applications, such as water bioremediation and production of metabolites. One of the variables that can be determined in the immobilized algae is chlorophyll a fluorescence, because this parameter is related to the physiological response ofthese organisms. Therefore, the objective ofthis study was to explore a method for measuring the chlorophyll a fluorescence in calcium alginate-encapsulated algae. To do this, two species of microalgae (Scenedesmus ovalternus LAUN 001 and Parachlorella kessleri LAUN 002) were grown in monocultures in both free culture conditions (10 mL of algae preparation in 250 mL of Basal Bold Medium) and encapsulated (250 spheres in 250 mL of Basal Bold Medium). Different measurement protocols of chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) were performed by varying a) the preadaptation time to darkness (10, 15 and 30 min), b) the light intensity of the non-modulated fluorometer (between 1000 and 3500 Llmoles m-2s-1), and c) the time of exposure to actinic light (1, 2 and 5 s). The optimal conditions for the measurement of the maximum quantum yield ofPSII (Fv/Fm) in encapsulated algae were established as follow: a) 30 min of preadaptation time; b) 3000 Llmoles m-2s-1 of the fluorometer light intensity; and c) 1 to 2 s of exposure to actinic light. The following values in the photochemical activity of algae in non-stressful conditions were found: 0.760 - 0.764 for S. ovalternus, and 0.732 - 0.748 for P. kessleri. This methodology allows to observe some changes in the photochemical activity related with variations in the factors under which are the immobilized algae.
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En este trabajo se describe la técnica de inmovilización de microalgas en esferas de alginato de calcio. Se emplearon las especies Scenedesmus ovalternus y Chlorella vulgaris, se determinó la estabilidad de las esferas, la cinética de crecimiento y la concentración de las microalgas en el interior de las esferas. Chlorella vulgaris alcanzó mayores densidades poblacionales y tasas de crecimiento más altas cuando se inmovilizó en concentraciones del 10 % v/v con el alginato (1,31*10(6) cél/ml). Para Scenedesmus ovalternus se observó una mayor densidad poblacional y una mayor tasa de crecimiento cuando se inmovilizó en concentraciones del 20 % v/v (7,06*10(5) cél/ml). Estos resultados son útiles para aplicaciones prácticas de las algas encapsuladas, tales como el biomonitoreo o la biorremediación.
This paper describes the immobilization technique of microalgae in calcium alginate beads. Scenedesmus ovalternus and Chlorella vulgaris species were used. The stability of beads, the kinetics of growth and the concentrations of microalgae inside the beads were determined. The higher density and the upper growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris occurred when it was immobilized in alginate at a concentration of 10 %v/v (1,31*10(6) cél/ml). Scenedesmus ovalternus achieved a higher population density and an elevated growth rate when it was immobilized at a concentration of 20 % v/v (7,06*10(5) cél/ml). These results are useful for subsequent applications of the encapsulated algae, such as biomonitoring and bioremediation.
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ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the distribution of age at diagnosis of female breast cancer and its association with temporal trend, clinicopathologic and sociodemographic variables in the presence of two latent clusters that are directly unobservable. Such clusters help to identify two subpopulations of either young or old patients whose etiologies are thought to be different. A large sample drawn from registry data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program from 1990 to 2009 was analyzed using a two-component Gaussian mixture model. Evidence of a steady delay of age at diagnosis and an increasing proportion of young patients being diagnosed during the 20-year period was found. Histopathologic effects indicate that duct and lobular carcinomas differ significantly in regard to subpopulation membership, which confirms that they represent different etiologies. While the presence of estrogen receptor status in the model overlaps the effects of other important variables it is highly correlated with, it is found that the grade, extension and size of the tumor along with lymph node involvement status, race and marital status are important predictors of age at diagnosis. The results highlight the significant impacts that such features can have on breast cancer control efforts, and point to the importance of ensuring that medical decision making should use them along with an indicator of the age subpopulation a patient may belong to.
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Los briófitos por su simplicidad estructural se ven expuestos a estrés hídrico con facilidad, por lo que presentan mecanismos fisiológicos y bioquímicos que les permita sobrevivir. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la variación del contenido de azúcares totales solubles y azúcares reductores en relación con el contenido hídrico relativo, en Pleurozium schreberi cuando se enfrenta a contenidos hídricos bajos en el Páramo de Chingaza (Colombia) y bajo condiciones simuladas de déficit hídrico en laboratorio. Se encontró que los azúcares totales aumentan cuando la planta se deshidrata y vuelve a su contenido normal cuando el musgo se rehidra, esto puede ser interpretado como un posible mecanismo de ajuste osmótico de la célula y osmoprotección del contenido celular y de la estructura celular. Los azúcares reductores no presentaron variación significativa, mostrando que los monosacáridos no tienen una función protectora durante la deshidratación.
The structural simplicity of the bryophytes exposed them easily to water stress, forcing them to have physiological and biochemical mechanisms that enable them to survive. This study evaluated the variation of total soluble sugars and reducing sugars in relation to relative water content, in Pleurozium schreberi when faced with low water content in the Páramo de Chingaza (Colombia) and under simulated conditions of water deficit in the laboratory. We found that total sugars increase when the plant is dehydrated and returned to their normal content when re-hydrated moss, this could be interpreted as a possible mechanism of osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection of the cell content and cellular structure. Reducing sugars showed no significant variation, showing that monosaccharides do not have a protective role during dehydration.
