Taquicardia supraventricular tipo reciprocante AV incesante y refractaria a cardioversión (AU) / Incesant AV reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia refractory to cardioversion

La taquicardia paroxística supraventricular (TPSV) es la causa más frecuente de emergencia cardiovascular por arritmias en el niño. A pesar de que la mayoría se controlan gracias a las maniobras vagales o el tratamiento farmacológico de primera línea, ante inestabilidad hemodinámica requiere cardioversión sincronizada y estabilización en unidad de cuidados intensivos (AU)

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common cause of emergency cardiovascular by arrhythmias in children. Although most of them are controlled by vagal maneuvers or first—line drug treatment, hemodynamic inestability requires synchronized cardioversion and stabilization in intensive care unit (AU)

Otitis media aguda, ¿una enfermedad siempre banal? Complicaciones intracraneales: casos clínicos y revisión / Is acute otitis media always banal? Clinical cases and review of intracranial complications

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Hemorragia fetomaterna masiva: A propósito de dos casos y revisión / Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: A report of two cases

La hemorragia fetomaterna masiva es una patología poco frecuente pero de elevada morbimortalidad debido a la expoliación sanguínea que puede cursar con una clínica inapreciable. En la mayoría de los casos la causa es desconocida, existiendo diversos factores e intervenciones sobre el feto que pueden favorecerla. Describimos dos casos de transfusión fetomaterna masiva que plantean una serie de comentarios en relación diversos aspectos de estas afecciones, especialmente el interés del test de Kleihauer para el diagnóstico precoz, que puede ser vital para el feto o recién nacido. El primer caso era especialmente grave, debido a una transfusión aguda que causó un shock hemodinámica grave, naciendo en estado de muerte aparente. El segundo presentaba una mejor adaptación postnatal, lo que hace suponer que la hemorragia fuera prolongada, dando lugar a un mejor reajuste hemodinámico fetal. En ambos la evolución ha sido favorable, sin objetivarse hasta el momento secuelas en su seguimiento posterior (AU)

Massive fetomaternal haemorrhage although an infrequent pathology is associated with high morbimortality, because imperceptible clinical manifestations can follow an important blood loss. Its cause remains unknown in most cases, existing several factors or interventions on the foetus that can promote it. We describe tow cases of massive fetomaternal transfusion. We review a series of aspect related to these conditions. Kleihauer test is of special interest for its early diagnosis, which can be vital for the foetus or newborn. The first case was especially severe, caused by an acute transfusion which produced a serious hemodynamic shock, being the newborn born apparently dead. The second one showed better postnatal adaptation, for which it is supposed a prolonged bleeding leading to a better foetal hemodynamic readjustment. Favourable outcome has been observed in both cases, without showing sequelae in subsequent follow-up (AU)

Hipertensión intracraneal benigna. Experiencia en 18 años / Benign intracranial hypertension: Experience over 18 years

Introducción: Hay casos de hipertensión intracraneal (HTIC) transitoria, identificables en lactantes por abombamiento de fontanela y en niños mayores por papiledema. Se presenta una experiencia en HTIC benigna, excluidos traumatismos craneoencefálicos, encefalitis y meningitis. Resultados: Del total de la base de datos de neuropediatría, con 10.720 niños en 18 años, 31 casos tenían diagnóstico de HTIC benigna. Dieciséis tenían edades de entre 2,3 y 8,9 meses (el 75% eran varones), con abombamiento transitorio de fontanela y 15 tenían entre 4,4 y 13,7 años (el 73,3% eran mujeres), con papiledema. El 75% de los lactantes había finalizado recientemente tratamiento con corticoides por bronquitis. En los mayores, un caso asociaba excesiva ingesta de vitamina A y otro caso asociaba una mastoiditis. Se hizo ecografía transfontanelar o tomografía computarizada (TC) a todos los lactantes, TC o resonancia magnética (RM) a todos los mayores y punción lumbar a 7 lactantes y 13 niños mayores. Los lactantes evolucionaron favorablemente en pocos días y los niños mayores de una semana a 5 meses (algunos tras tratamiento). Discusión: La HTIC benigna, de habitual curso favorable, puede tardar en resolverse en niños mayores y presentar graves repercusiones visuales, incluso ceguera, por lo que precisa estrecho control oftalmológico. Es un diagnóstico evolutivo y de exclusión de otras causas de HTIC. En lactantes de evolución desfavorable y en todos los niños mayores debe hacerse RM y punción lumbar. Debe considerarse tratamiento con acetazolamida y furosemida, corticoides, punciones lumbares de repetición, derivación ventriculoperitoneal y descompresión de nervios ópticos (AU)

Introduction: There are transient intracranial hypertension cases, recognizable by bulging fontanelle in infants and by papilloedema in children. We present our experience in benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) cases, excluding traumatic brain injuries, encephalitis and meningitis. Results: Among the entire neuropaediatric database, with 10,720 children in 18 years, 31 cases had the diagnosis of BIH. Sixteen aged between 2.3 and 8.9 months (75% males), all of them with transient bulging fontanelle, and 15 aged between 4.4 and 13.7 years (73.3% females), all of them with papilloedema which was subsequently resolved. A total of 75% of infants had recently finished corticosteroid treatment for bronchitis. In the older children, there was 1 case associated with excessive vitamin A intake and 1 mastoiditis. Transfontanelle ultrasonography or CT was performed on all infants and CT or MRI in every child. Lumbar puncture was also performed on 7 infants and on 13 children. Infants developed favourably in a few days, and children did so between 1 week and 5 months, some with treatment. Discussion: BIH usually has a favourable outcome, although it may take longer in children than in infants, but it can have serious visual repercussions, even blindness, so ophthalmological control is necessary. It is normally diagnosed by exclusion of other intracranial hypertension causes. MRI and lumbar puncture must be done on all children or infants who do not progress favourably. Acetazolamide and furosemide, corticosteroids, repeated lumbar punctures and optic nerve sheath fenestration should be considered in those who do not progress well (AU)

[Benign intracranial hypertension: experience over 18 years]. / Hipertensión intracraneal benigna. Experiencia en 18 años.

INTRODUCTION: There are transient intracranial hypertension cases, recognizable by bulging fontanelle in infants and by papilloedema in children. We present our experience in benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) cases, excluding traumatic brain injuries, encephalitis and meningitis. RESULTS: Among the entire neuropaediatric database, with 10,720 children in 18 years, 31 cases had the diagnosis of BIH. Sixteen aged between 2.3 and 8.9 months (75% males), all of them with transient bulging fontanelle, and 15 aged between 4.4 and 13.7 years (73.3% females), all of them with papilloedema which was subsequently resolved. A total of 75% of infants had recently finished corticosteroid treatment for bronchitis. In the older children, there was 1 case associated with excessive vitamin A intake and 1 mastoiditis. Transfontanelle ultrasonography or CT was performed on all infants and CT or MRI in every child. Lumbar puncture was also performed on 7 infants and on 13 children. Infants developed favourably in a few days, and children did so between 1 week and 5 months, some with treatment. DISCUSSION: BIH usually has a favourable outcome, although it may take longer in children than in infants, but it can have serious visual repercussions, even blindness, so ophthalmological control is necessary. It is normally diagnosed by exclusion of other intracranial hypertension causes. MRI and lumbar puncture must be done on all children or infants who do not progress favourably. Acetazolamide and furosemide, corticosteroids, repeated lumbar punctures and optic nerve sheath fenestration should be considered in those who do not progress well.