Determining minimum number of valid days for accurate estimation of sedentary behaviour and awake-time movement behaviours using the ActivPAL3 in nursing home residents.

INTRODUCTION: Scarce evidence is available about the minimum number of valid days wearing the activPAL3 to obtain a precise estimate of sedentary behaviour (SB) and awake-time movement behaviours (ATMB) in nursing home (NH) residents. The study aimed to determine the minimum number of valid days required for accurately estimate SB and ATMB using the activPAL3 device in NH residents. It also investigated how the starting point of a day (the 24-h period) impacted reliability. METHODS: Participants wore an activPAL3 for 7 consecutive days. The data was classified in two-time blocks (00:00 Ante Meridiem (AM)-00:00 AM midnight vs 12:00 Post Meridiam (PM) -12:00 PM midday) and the sample was stratified into two groups according to their capacity to stand and walk, to examine if timing of sampling or physical functioning affected minimum wear time. SB, ATMB, sociodemographic, and health-related variables were collected. Sensitivity of the time-blocks were tested through the dispersion frequencies and differences between blocks through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality; parametric variables through two-related means T-test and Wilcoxon test for non-parametric data. Reliability was assessed with the Cronbach's Alpha and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), using a one-factor model estimating the reliability for each measurement day loading in the same latent factor. RESULTS: Ninety-five NH residents (81.1% women; age = 85.8 ± 7.2 years) were included. The midnight block had higher reliability, sensitivity and no statistically significant differences between days were found. At least three consecutive days of monitoring were necessary to achieve a reliability of ICC ≥ 0.8 for those NH residents able to stand and walk and six days for those unable. CONCLUSIONS: NH residents who are able to stand and walk require a minimum of three consecutive days wearing the device, while those who are unable require at least six days due to their highly homogenous daily routines and sensitivity to PA events. Regardless of the activPAL3 recording start time, data processing should reference the midnight time block.

What Does Sexual Behaviour Encompass? Mapping Human Sexual Repertoire / ¿Qué Conductas Componen el Comportamiento Sexual? Mapeo del Repertorio Sexual Humano

Introduction: For sciences applied to sexual behaviour, research has traditionally reported a wide variety of non-unified pools with a lack of a gold standard classification. Therefore, this work aimed to propose a comprehensivetaxonomy. Methods: A broad model was developed under expert criteria using a thematic analysis of the literature.After that, a systematic review was conducted to test and extend it within the given conditions of unification. Results:36 variables of actions and surrounding context were found and allocated in 5 groups: partner description, combinatoryvariables, objects associated, paraphilic behaviours and actual behaviours. 650 reports were screened, and 143were fully assessed. Of them, one was finally selected to add to the previous model. Discussion: A comprehensivetaxonomy was brought in, along with a method to expand and retest it if necessary. It is aimed to set a commonlyshared framework of repertoires to enable valid comparisons among samples or individuals.(AU)

Introducción: Para las ciencias del comportamiento sobre la conducta sexual, tradicionalmente, la investigación haexpuesto conjuntos no unificados de repertorios en ausencia de clasificaciones fundamentales. Por ello, este trabajotrata de exponer una propuesta de taxonomía completa y fundamentada. Métodos: Se desarrolló una propuesta delargo alcance bajo criterio de expertos haciendo un análisis temático de la literatura. Después, se llevó a cabo unarevisión sistemática para ponerla a prueba y extenderla. Resultados: Se encontraron 36 variables descriptivas delas acciones y el contexto inmediato, y se situaron en 5 grupos: pareja (descripción), combinatorio, elementos uobjetos (asociados), conductas parafílicas y conducta sexual. Se revisaron 650 estudios de los que 143 se evaluaronen profundidad. Sólo un elemento fue incluido al listado final tras la revisión sistemática. Discusión: Se obtuvo unataxonomía general del comportamiento sexual humano. El objetivo de este mapeo es facilitar mejores comparacionesentre muestras o individuos basándose en un criterio de referencia unificado.(AU)

Information-Seeking Strategies of People with Multiple Sclerosis in Spain: The INFOSEEK-MS Study.

PURPOSE: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are increasingly demanding access to reliable information regarding their disease. The objective of the INFOSEEK-MS study was to assess what are the strategies people with MS use when searching for information on their disease, including sources, frequency, reliability, and preferred content. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A non-interventional, cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients with a diagnosis of MS according to the 2010 McDonald criteria were included. The InfoSeek questionnaire was used to assess patients' strategies when seeking information about the disease. Clinical characteristics and other variables, including disability, quality of life, fatigue, cognition, anxiety and depression, were analysed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29), 5-item Modified Fatigue Scale (MFIS-5), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. RESULTS: Three hundred and two patients were studied (mean age: 42.3 ± 10 years, 64% female, mean disease duration: 9.6 ± 7.0 years, 90% with relapsing-remitting MS, and mean EDSS score: 2.6 ± 1.9). The internet (either via mobile or computer) is a frequently reported source of information. Lifestyle-related information (67.2%), research and emerging treatments (63.6%), symptom control (49.7%), sharing experiences with other patients (46.4%), and disease prognosis (46.4%) were the most searched topics. Neurologists and nurses were the most trusted source of information. Younger patients and higher SDMT scores were associated with all search resources (M = 37.7 and M = 49.97, respectively). The frequency of searches was related to the number of relapses (R2 = 0.07), EDSS (R2 = 0.14), MSIS-29 physical and psychological components (R2 = 0.132) and inversely with depression (R2 = 0.132). CONCLUSION: Although healthcare professionals are considered the most reliable source of information for people with MS, searching for information on the Internet is very frequent. An individualized information strategy considering the different factors involved is needed.

School Climate and Teachers’ Motivational Variables: Effects on Teacher Satisfaction and Classroom Motivational Climate Perceived by Middle School Students. A Cross-cultural Study / Clima escolar y variables motivacionales del profesorado: efectos sobre la satisfacción de los docentes y el clima motivacional del aula percibido por los estudiantes de secundaria. Un estudio transcultural

This paper seeks two objectives. First, to study the potential effect of teachers’ perception of school climate and teachers’ motivational variables related to students on teachers’ satisfaction with school, and classroom motivational climate (CMC). Second, to validate a battery of questionnaires for assessing different teachers’ motivational variables related to students: motivational knowledge, teachers’ focus on students’ grades and emotional needs, and expectancies. In total, 441 teachers and 5,380 students from Spain and Costa Rica participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses showed the adequacy of each questionnaire structure. Besides, results on correlation and regression analyses showed, first, that school climate perception, together with teachers’ expectancies are the main factors potentially influencing teachers’ satisfaction with school. Second, that CMC does not depend on teachers’ satisfaction, but only on two components of school climate – teacher’s mutual support and students’ attitudes –, and on self-efficacy expectancies. In both regression analyses – satisfaction and CMC –, cross-cultural differences were found.

Este trabajo persigue dos objetivos. En primer lugar, estudiar el efecto potencial de la percepción del clima escolar por parte de los profesores y de las variables motivacionales de estos relacionadas con los estudiantes en la satisfacción de los profesores con la escuela y el clima motivacional del aula (CMC). En segundo lugar, validar una batería de cuestionarios para evaluar las diferentes variables motivacionales de los docentes relacionadas con los estudiantes: conocimiento motivacional, enfoque de los docentes en las calificaciones y necesidades emocionales de los estudiantes y expectativas. En total, 441 profesores y 5,380 estudiantes de España y Costa Rica participaron en el estudio. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron la adecuación de la estructura de cada cuestionario. Además, los resultados de los análisis de correlación y regresión mostraron, en primer lugar, que la percepción del clima escolar, junto con las expectativas de los profesores, son los principales factores que pueden influir en la satisfacción de los profesores con la escuela. En segundo lugar, que el CMC no depende de la satisfacción de los profesores, sino solo de dos componentes del clima escolar, el apoyo mutuo de los profesores y las actitudes de los estudiantes, y de las expectativas de autoeficacia. En ambos análisis de regresión, satisfacción y CMC, se encontraron diferencias transculturales.

Patient satisfaction with remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices: the VALIOSA questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has demonstrated substantial benefits. Treatment guidelines have therefore endorsed its use and is being increasingly adopted in the clinical setting, but the level of satisfaction they convey remains still unknown. We developed and validated a questionnaire to measure patient satisfaction with remote monitoring using Medtronic CareLink® Network and assessed its internal reliability and dimensional validity. METHODS: After a thorough literature review, cognitive debriefing of 18 patients, and an expert panel discussion, a 30-item instrument was proposed and grouped into 5 dimensions (items): 1- Information on cardiac condition (3), 2- Device convenience (3), 3- Transmission process (6), 4- Satisfaction with medical monitoring (8), and 5- General opinions (10). Correlation with the visual analog scale (VAS), overall health related quality of life (HRQoL) measured by the EuroQoL-5D accompanied by the VAS as well as with the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SF-36 were assessed. Psychometric properties, exploratory factor analysis and a second order confirmatory factor analysis (a hierarchical CFA with a general common factor explaining the relations between the first order common factors, See Figure 1) were estimated. Models were assessed based on item loading size, sign and statistical significance, and goodness-of-fit statistics. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (77% male) with a mean age of 66.03 (SD = 13.94) years were assessed. 48% had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, 24% had pacemakers, and 29% had cardiac resynchronization therapy devices. An overall Cronbach's α = 0.893 was achieved, with acceptable reliabilities for isolated dimensions. Correlations with corresponding VAS scales were meaningful and significant (p < 0.01). The second order factor solution yielded good goodness-of-fit indexes (χ2/df = 1.44, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05). Satisfaction with remote monitoring was not related to HRQoL (r < 0.05), except for the correlation between the SF-36 mental component and the information on cardiac condition dimension (r = 0.263, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 30-item questionnaire showed good reliability and validity to assess satisfaction with remote monitoring in patients with CIEDs.

Evaluating Resilience: Development and Validation of the Situated Subjective Resilience Questionnaire for Adults (SSRQA).

Although resilience varies depending on the specific type of adverse situation faced by the individual, to date resilience questionnaires do not consider its situational character. This study aims to develop and validate the Situated Subjective Resilience Questionnaire for Adults (SSRQA), which assesses resilience in five different adverse contexts. A total of 584 Spanish adults (including general population and clinical samples individuals) completed the SSRQA and other measures of resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the SSRQA structure fitted the situational model better (χ2/df = 1.90; CFI = .96; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .07) than the non-situational version (χ2/df = 4.99; CFI = .79; TLI = .76; RMSEA = .15). The SSRQA was shown to be reliable (α = .90) and to be significantly and positively correlated with other resilience measures (p < .001) and, to a lower degree, with optimism and self-efficacy (p < .001). Degree of exposure to each adverse situation was negatively correlated with resilience in the face of that situation (p < .05), supporting a vulnerability to stress model. The SSRQA has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid situated measure for resilience towards different adverse contexts.

[Adaptation to the Mexican population of the "Questionnaire of habits related to overweight and obesity"]. / Adaptación a la población mexicana del "Cuestionario de hábitos relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad".

INTRODUCTION: the "Questionnaire of habits related to overweight and obesity" was created and validated in Spanish population, and it allows to describe and quantify five dimensions related to overweight and obesity: diet caloric content, eating for psychological well-being, physical exercise, healthy eating, and alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVE: to adapt the questionnaire in Mexican population, assess their psychometric properties, and compare them with those of the Spanish version. METHOD: the original questionnaire was administered to a sample of 493 Mexican patients with overweight or obesity, and different statistical tools have been applied (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis) to know the psychometric properties of the Mexican version and its degree of similarity to the original version. RESULTS: the questionnaire adapted to the Mexican population exhibits the same dimensions as those obtained in the Spanish population (caloric content of the diet, eating for psychological well-being, physical exercise, alcohol consumption and healthy eating), and their psychometric properties are very similar to those obtained for the original questionnaire. CONCLUSION: as a consequence of the adaptation process, a questionnaire with good psychometric properties suitable to measure the lifestyle habits related to overweight and obesity is now available.

Introducción: el "Cuestionario de hábitos relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad" es un cuestionario creado y validado para la población española que permite describir y cuantificar varias dimensiones relacionadas con el sobrepeso y la obesidad: contenido calórico de la dieta, comer por bienestar psicológico, ejercicio físico, alimentación saludable y consumo de alcohol.Objetivo: adaptar el cuestionario a la población mexicana, analizar sus propiedades psicométricas y compararlas con las de la versión española.Método: se ha administrado el cuestionario original a una muestra de 493 pacientes mexicanos con sobrepeso u obesidad y se han aplicado diferentes herramientas estadísticas (análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, análisis de fiabilidad) para conocer las propiedades psicométricas de la versión mexicana y su grado de parecido con la versión original.Resultados: las dimensiones del cuestionario adaptado a la población mexicana son las mismas que las obtenidas en la población española y sus propiedades psicométricas son muy parecidas a las del cuestionario original.Conclusión: como consecuencia del proceso de adaptación, disponemos de un cuestionario con buenas propiedades psicométricas apropiado para medir los hábitos de vida relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad.

Adaptación a la población mexicana del "cuestionario de hábitos relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad" / Adaptation to the Mexican population of the "Questionnaire of habits related to overweight and obesity"

Introducción: el "Cuestionario de hábitos relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad" es un cuestionario creado y validado para la población española que permite describir y cuantificar varias dimensiones relacionadas con el sobrepeso y la obesidad: contenido calórico de la dieta, comer por bienestar psicológico, ejercicio físico, alimentación saludable y consumo de alcohol. Objetivo: adaptar el cuestionario a la población mexicana, analizar sus propiedades psicométricas y compararlas con las de la versión española. Método: se ha administrado el cuestionario original a una muestra de 493 pacientes mexicanos con sobrepeso u obesidad y se han aplicado diferentes herramientas estadísticas (análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, análisis de fiabilidad) para conocer las propiedades psicométricas de la versión mexicana y su grado de parecido con la versión original. Resultados: las dimensiones del cuestionario adaptado a la población mexicana son las mismas que las obtenidas en la población española y sus propiedades psicométricas son muy parecidas a las del cuestionario original. Conclusión: como consecuencia del proceso de adaptación, disponemos de un cuestionario con buenas propiedades psicométricas apropiado para medir los hábitos de vida relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad

Introduction: the "Questionnaire of habits related to overweight and obesity" was created and validated in Spanish population, and it allows to describe and quantify fi ve dimensions related to overweight and obesity: diet caloric content, eating for psychological well-being, physical exercise, healthy eating, and alcohol consumption. Objective: to adapt the questionnaire in Mexican population, assess their psychometric properties, and compare them with those of the Spanish version. Method: the original questionnaire was administered to a sample of 493 Mexican patients with overweight or obesity, and different statistical tools have been applied (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis) to know the psychometric properties of the Mexican version and its degree of similarity to the original version. Results: the questionnaire adapted to the Mexican population exhibits the same dimensions as those obtained in the Spanish population (caloric content of the diet, eating for psychological well-being, physical exercise, alcohol consumption and healthy eating), and their psychometric properties are very similar to those obtained for the original questionnaire. Conclusion: as a consequence of the adaptation process, a questionnaire with good psychometric properties suitable to measure the lifestyle habits related to overweight and obesity is now available

Evaluating resilience: development and validation of the Situated Subjective Resilience Questionnaire for Adults (SSRQA)

Although resilience varies depending on the specific type of adverse situation faced by the individual, to date resilience questionnaires do not consider its situational character. This study aims to develop and validate the Situated Subjective Resilience Questionnaire for Adults (SSRQA), which assesses resilience in five different adverse contexts. A total of 584 Spanish adults (including general population and clinical samples individuals) completed the SSRQA and other measures of resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the SSRQA structure fitted the situational model better (χ2/df = 1.90; CFI = .96; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .07) than the non-situational version (χ2/df = 4.99; CFI = .79; TLI = .76; RMSEA = .15). The SSRQA was shown to be reliable (α = .90) and to be significantly and positively correlated with other resilience measures (p < .001) and, to a lower degree, with optimism and self-efficacy (p < .001). Degree of exposure to each adverse situation was negatively correlated with resilience in the face of that situation (p < .05), supporting a vulnerability to stress model. The SSRQA has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid situated measure for resilience towards different adverse contexts

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Spanish-Language Adaptation of Morgeson and Humphrey's Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ).

Since work organizations became the subject of scientific research, how to operationalize and measure dimensions of work design has been an issue, mainly due to concerns about internal consistency and factor structure. In response, Morgeson and Humphrey (2006) built the Work Design Questionnaire -WDQ-, an instrument that identifies and measures these dimensions in different work and organizational contexts. This paper presents the instruent's adaptation into Spanish using reliability and validity analysis and drawing on a sample of 1035 Spanish workers who hold various jobs in an array of occupational categories. The total instrument's internal consistency was Cronbach's alpha of .92 and the various scales' reliability ranged from .70 to .96, except for three dimensions. There was initially a difference in the comparative fit of the two versions' factor structures, but the model with 21 work characteristics (motivational -task and knowledge-, social, and work context) showed the highest goodness of fit of the various models tested, confirming previous results from the U.S. version as well as adaptations into other languages and contexts. CFA results indicated goodness of fit of factor configurations corresponding to each of the four major categories of work characteristics, with CFI and TLI around .90, as well as SRMR and RMSEA below .08. Thus it brings to the table a reliable, valid measure of work design with clear potential applications in research as well as professional practice, applications that could improve working conditions, boost productivity, and generate more personal and professional development opportunities for workers.

Spanish-language adaptation of Morgeson and Humphrey’s Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ)

Since work organizations became the subject of scientific research, how to operationalize and measure dimensions of work design has been an issue, mainly due to concerns about internal consistency and factor structure. In response, Morgeson and Humphrey (2006) built the Work Design Questionnaire -WDQ-, an instrument that identifies and measures these dimensions in different work and organizational contexts. This paper presents the instruent’s adaptation into Spanish using reliability and validity analysis and drawing on a sample of 1035 Spanish workers who hold various jobs in an array of occupational categories. The total instrument’s internal consistency was Cronbach’s alpha of .92 and the various scales’ reliability ranged from .70 to .96, except for three dimensions. There was initially a difference in the comparative fit of the two versions’ factor structures, but the model with 21 work characteristics (motivational -task and knowledge-, social, and work context) showed the highest goodness of fit of the various models tested, confirming previous results from the U.S. version as well as adaptations into other languages and contexts. CFA results indicated goodness of fit of factor configurations corresponding to each of the four major categories of work characteristics, with CFI and TLI around .90, as well as SRMR and RMSEA below .08. Thus it brings to the table a reliable, valid measure of work design with clear potential applications in research as well as professional practice, applications that could improve working conditions, boost productivity, and generate more personal and professional development opportunities for workers (AU)

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Precisión en la recuperación de parámetros, con datos ordinales, en el Análisis de Estructura de Covarianza y el Modelo de Rutas mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales / Accuracy on Parameter Recovery, with Ordinals Data, of Structure Covariance Analysis and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling

Se compara la precisión en la recuperación de parámetros del Análisis de Estructura de Covarianza (ACOV) y el Modelo de Rutas mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales (PLS-PM), en un modelo simple con variables manifiestas simuladas con escala ordinal de cinco puntos. Se utiliza un diseño experimental, manipulando el método de estimación, tamaño muestral, nivel de asimetría y tipo de especificación del modelo. Se valora la media de las diferencias absolutas para el modelo estructural. ACOV presenta estimaciones más precisas que PLS-PM, en distintas condiciones experimentales. Cuando se utiliza un tamaño muestral pequeño, ambas técnicas son igualmente precisas. Se sugiere utilizar ACOV frente a PLS-PM. Se desaconseja fundamentar la elección de PLS-PM frente a ACOV en la utilización de una muestra pequeña.

The accuracy on parameter recovery is compared between Structure Covariance Analysis (ACOV) and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM), with simulated ordinals data with 5 points, in a simple model. An experimental design is used, controlling the estimation method, sample size, skewness level and model specification. Mean absolute differences are used to assess accuracy for the structural model. ACOV provided more accurate estimates of the structural parameters than PLS-PM in different experimental conditions. With a small sample size, both techniques are equally accurate. Using ACOV against PLS -PM is suggested. PLS choosing ACOV instead based on the use of a small sample size is not recommended.

Behavioral correlates of anxiety in well-functioning older adults.

BACKGROUND: Research on the behavioral correlates of anxiety in older adults is sparse. The aim of this study was to explore the association of anxiety with behavioral patterns defined by health, activity, emotional and social variables. METHODS: A convenience sample of 395 older adults completed measures of health, activity, emotions, social variables and experiential avoidance. Cross-sectional data were analysed using cluster analysis. RESULTS: Five clusters were identified: active healthy, healthy, active vulnerable, lonely inactive and frail lonely. Participants in the active healthy and healthy clusters showed the highest scores on health variables (vitality and physical function), and adaptive scores on the rest of variables. They also reported the lowest scores on anxiety and included the lowest number of cases with clinically significant anxiety levels. Active vulnerable showed high scores on social support, leisure activities and capitalization on them but low scores in vitality and physical functioning. Participants in the lonely inactive cluster reported the highest mean score in experiential avoidance and high scores on boredom and loneliness, and low scores on social support, leisure activities capitalizing on pleasant activities and health variables. Frail lonely represent a particularly vulnerable profile of participants, similar to that of lonely inactive, but with significantly lower scores on health variables and higher scores on boredom and hours watching TV. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety in older adults is not only linked to poor health, but also to dysfunctional social behavior, loneliness, boredom and experiential avoidance. Maladaptive profiles of older adults with regard to these variables have been identified.

Measuring the desire for control: a Spanish version of burger and cooper's scale

The following study will present findings on the validity of the adaptation of the Burger and Cooper’s Desirability of Control Scale into Spanish. Two samples are present: the first involving 1,999 people to study their psychometric properties. In the second sample, 111 people were included to estimate test/ retest reliability. Cultural adaptation was performed using the translation & back-translation method. Item analysis, internal consistency and test/retest reliability were assessed, then evidence of the validity of the internal structure was determined by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Subject recruitment was performed to gather the 1,999 subjects stratified by age, gender quotas as designed in the sampling plan. Of the subjects, 51% were female, average age of 45 years old (SD = 17.5). All items from the original scale were understood correctly, while five items presented ceiling effect. Cronbach’s alpha = .736 and a test-retest correlation r = .713 were obtained. The factor structure indicated the presence of four dimensions: forecast, autonomy, power and influence and reactance which were reassured in the confirmatory analysis (χ2/df = 4.805, CFI =.932, TLI =.954, RMSEA = .062). The basic dimensions of the scale have shown to be stable and well-defined, though not perfect. The scope, possible applications of the scale and further research are later proposed and discussed (AU)

Se presenta la adaptación y validación al español de la Escala de Deseo de Control de Burger y Cooper. Se emplearon dos muestras. Para estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala se contó con una primera muestra de 1999 (Medad = 45 años, DS = 17,5; 51% mujeres). Para estimar la fiabilidad test-retest se contó con una segunda muestra de 111 personas. La adaptación cultural se llevó a cabo mediante el procedimiento de traducción-retrotraducción. Se presentan las evidencias de validez de la estructura interna de la escala mediante los resultados de sendos análisis factoriales, exploratorio y confirmatorio. El análisis de ítems reveló que todos los elementos presentaron unos valores aceptables, aunque cinco de ellos mostraron efecto techo. El Alfa de Cronbach fue de .736 y la Fiabilidad test-retest fue de .713. La estructura factorial indicó la presencia de cuatro dimensiones: previsión, autonomía, poder e influencia y reactancia. La estructura fue corroborada en el análisis confirmatorio (χ2/df = 4.805, CFI = .932, TLI = .954, RMSEA = .062). Las dimensiones de la escala son estables y específicas, aunque no perfectas. Se discute el alcance y posibles aplicaciones de la escala y se proponen futuras investigaciones (AU)

[Effect of ingroup membership on organizational meta-representation]. / El efecto del grupo de pertenencia en la metarepresentación de la organización.

The present study considers the importance of analyzing what very powerful or influential people think about their employees. We assumed that belonging to a specific category has a differential effect on the perception of others' thoughts in the organization ("meta-representation"). Therefore, experts in organization and human resources from diverse organizations and institutions assessed seven dimensions which structure the organizational image (context, structure, organizational processes, working climate, culture, satisfaction and efficacy). The results showed that belonging to a group (managers or leaders, academicians, consultants, technicians or employees' representatives) modulated the meta-representation, as the experts' opinion about what they think that the employees consider important was related to their group. This was specifically the case for the managers' and leaders' representations, which differed from the other groups and especially from that of the technicians and employees' representatives. The implications of the present findings are discussed.

El efecto del grupo de pertenencia en la metarrepresentación de la organización / Effect of ingroup membership on organizational meta-representation

En el presente estudio se plantea la relevancia de conocer cuál es la representación de quienes ostentan un rol de poder o experto respecto a la imagen que tienen los trabajadores de su organización. Se propone que la pertenencia a un determinado grupo de expertos ejerce un efecto diferencial sobre la representación de esta imagen (metarrepresentación). Para ello, expertos en Organización y Recursos Humanos pertenecientes a diversas organizaciones e instituciones evaluaron siete dimensiones que estructuran la imagen organizacional (contexto, estructura, procesos organizacionales, clima, cultura, satisfacción y eficacia). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la pertenencia a una categoría de experto (directivos o mandos, académicos, consultores, técnicos o representantes de los trabajadores) modulaba la metarrepresentación. Se encontró una relación entre la opinión de los expertos sobre la imagen que tienen los trabajadores de su organización con su grupo de pertenencia. Específicamente, la representación de los directivos difería del resto de representaciones estudiadas, especialmente respecto a los grupos de técnicos y representantes de los trabajadores. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados (AU)

The present study considers the importance of analyzing what very powerful or influential people think about their employees. We assumed that belonging to a specific category has a differential effect on the perception of others’ thoughts in the organization («meta-representation»). Therefore, experts in organization and human resources from diverse organizations and institutions assessed seven dimensions which structure the organizational image (context, structure, organizational processes, working climate, culture, satisfaction and efficacy). The results showed that belonging to a group (managers or leaders, academicians, consultants, technicians or employees’ representatives) modulated the meta-representation, as the experts’ opinion about what they think that the employees consider important was related to their group. This was specifically the case for the managers’ and leaders’ representations, which differed from the other groups and especially from that of the technicians and employees’ representatives. The implications of the present findings are discussed (AU)

[Cultural adaptation to Spanish and validation of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire]. / Adaptación cultural al español y validación de la escala GSFQ (Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process followed for the cultural and psychometric adaptation (validation) to Spanish of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire (GSFQ), used to measure the interference of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD and to report the psychometric properties of this instrument. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The adaptation process was supervised by a five-member expert panel. After forward and backward translations in duplicate, a Spanish version was obtained, which was administered to two samples; a five-patient pilot sample to check comprehension and face validity, and a 4,000-patient sample to check structural validity (factor analysis and reliability), construct validity, and discriminative validity. RESULTS: The questionnaire showed a unique dimension that matched that of the original questionnaire. Reliability was high (alpha=0.83), and the correlation between even-odd items was good (r=0.69). The overall score correlated with generic health-related quality of life measures evaluated by the EQ-5D tariff (r=0.499) and VAS (r=-0.481). The scale discriminated between GERD severity levels (p<0.008) as measured by the Savary-Miller scale, except for the most severe level with respect to the levels immediately below. The questionnaire was able to detect differences between diverse concomitant diseases and antecedents. Sensitivity with respect to the GERD clinician criterion was 60.5% and specificity was 68.3%. Normative comparison scaling values are reported. CONCLUSIONS: The results show acceptable psychometric properties. A new instrument to assess the interference of GERD symptoms is thus available to health professionals. This instrument takes the patient's perspective into account.

Adaptación cultural al español y validación de la escala GSFQ (Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire) / Cultural adaptation to Spanish and validation of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire

Objetivo: describir el proceso seguido para la adaptación cultural y la validación al español del cuestionario GSFQ (Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire) de interferencia de los síntomas asociados con la enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico e informar de sus propiedades psicométricas. Material y métodos: el proceso de adaptación fue supervisado por un panel de 5 expertos. Tras la traducción, revisión y retrotraducción del instrumento se obtuvo un cuestionario en español que fue administrado a dos muestras de pacientes: una muestra piloto de 5 pacientes para valorar la comprensibilidad del instrumento y una muestra de 4.000 pacientes para comprobar su validez estructural (análisis factorial y fiabilidad) y la validez de constructo y discriminante. Resultados: el cuestionario presenta una única dimensión que se ajusta a la estructura original. La fiabilidad es buena (alfa=0,83) con buena correlación entre ítems pares e impares (r=0,69). La puntuación total correlaciona con las puntuaciones genéricas de CVRS medidas por el EQ-5D (r=0,499) y la escala VAS (r=−0,481). La escala discrimina entre los niveles de gravedad (Savary-Miller; p<0,008), aunque no para el nivel más elevado respecto a los inmediatamente anteriores. El cuestionario es capaz de detectar diferencias entre diversos grupos de enfermedades concomitantes y antecedentes. La sensibilidad respecto al criterio clínico de ERGE es del 60,5% y la especificidad del 68,3%. Se ofrecen los baremos normativos de corrección. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos son satisfactorios, demuestran buenas propiedades psicométricas y ponen a disposición de los profesionales un nuevo instrumento para valorar la interferencia de la sintomatología de ERGE teniendo en cuenta el punto de vista del paciente(AU)

Objective: To describe the process followed for the cultural and psychometric adaptation (validation) to Spanish of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire (GSFQ), used to measure the interference of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD and to report the psychometric properties of this instrument. Material and methods: The adaptation process was supervised by a five-member expert panel. After forward and backward translations in duplicate, a Spanish version was obtained, which was administered to two samples; a five-patient pilot sample to check comprehension and face validity, and a 4,000-patient sample to check structural validity (factor analysis and reliability), construct validity, and discriminative validity. Results: The questionnaire showed a unique dimension that matched that of the original questionnaire. Reliability was high (alpha=0.83), and the correlation between even-odd items was good (r=0.69). The overall score correlated with generic health-related quality of life measures evaluated by the EQ-5D tariff (r=0.499) and VAS (r=−0.481). The scale discriminated between GERD severity levels (p<0.008) as measured by the Savary-Miller scale, except for the most severe level with respect to the levels immediately below. The questionnaire was able to detect differences between diverse concomitant diseases and antecedents. Sensitivity with respect to the GERD clinician criterion was 60.5% and specificity was 68.3%. Normative comparison scaling values are reported. Conclusions: The results show acceptable psychometric properties. A new instrument to assess the interference of GERD symptoms is thus available to health professionals. This instrument takes the patient's perspective into account(AU)

Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial / No disponible

En este trabajo se evalúa la incidencia de la atenuación, mediante transformaciones de variables, del sesgo y de la curtosis de las puntuacionesobservadas, sobre la estructura factorial, estimada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los datos proceden de una escala de opinión estudiantil para la evaluación de profesores universitarios, de 16 ítems medidos en escala Likert. Las distribuciones observadas no se aproximan ala normalidad, por lo que se aplican distintos procedimientos para la corrección del sesgo y de la curtosis. Los resultados sugieren que tanto losestadísticos globales de bondad de ajuste como las saturaciones factoriales de los modelos son más sensibles al método de estimación (para una mismatransformación) que a la transformación (para un mismo método de estimación). Como conclusión, cuando la muestra tiene un tamaño moderado y el modelo está especificado correctamente la estimación demáxima verosimilitud proporciona los mejores resultados, aún en condiciones de distanciamiento del supuesto de normalidad multivariante, siempre que el coeficiente de Mardia no supere el valor 70. Una limitacióndel trabajo es que no se ha valorado el efecto de la complejidad de la estructura factorial y/o el grado de comunalidad teórica de las variables

The reduction of skewness and kurtosis of observed variables by data transformation: Effect on factor structure. The present paper examines the effect of skewness and kurtosis reduction through data transformation on the factor structure obtained by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Data are from a 16-item scale that measures students’ opinionsabout university teaching, each item measured on a 5-point Likert format. Observed distributions do not comply with the assumption of normality, sodifferent variable transformations were performed to reduce the skewness and kurtosis of the data. Our results suggest that goodness-of-fit indices andfactor loadings are more sensitive to the estimation method employed (for a given transformation) than to the transformation procedure (for a givenestimation method). For moderate sample sizes and correctly specified models maximum likelihood estimation method is the one that performs the best, even when assumption of multivariate normality is violated, provided the Mardia coefficient falls in the range up to 70. Neither the complexity of factor structure nor the theoretical commonality among variables were taken into account, thus limiting the present results (AU)

[A structural equation model for predictors of mental and physical health in women]. / Modelo estructural predictor de la salud mental y física en mujeres.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the extent to which stress, social support, and self-esteem are predictors of an individual's mental and physical health. Structural equations were integrated with previously-estimated partial models, which simplify the relationships among variables. METHODS: The study sample included 283 women with children. All of the participants resided in the municipality of General Escobedo, state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The surveys were carried out in the second semester of 2003, in the participants homes, using self-evaluation questionnaires to measure each of the variables included in the model. Each participant completed the questionnaire in one sitting. Results were analyzed with AMOS 5.0, employing the maximum likelihood method, often utilized in structural equation models. RESULTS: The results indicate an acceptable adjustment in the proposed model: (chi2/gl=3.03, goodness of fit (GFI)=0.894, adjusted goodness of fit (AGFI)=0.848, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.08, incremental fit index (IFI)=0.910). Variances were 31.9% with regard to stress, 27.4% with regard to physical health, and 72.1% with regard to mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Social support and self-esteem are predictors of stress; age and stress are predictors of physical health; and stress, self-esteem, and physical health are predictors of mental health.