Diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis of the lower and upper limbs. 2024 recommendations of the venous thromboembolism group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the limbs is a common disease and causes significant morbidity and mortality. It is frequently the prelude to pulmonary embolism (PE), it can recur in 30% of patients and in 25-40% of cases they can develop post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), with a significant impact in functional status and quality of life. This document contains the recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of acute DVT from the Thromboembolic Disease group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI). PE and thrombosis of unusual venous territories (cerebral, renal, mesenteric, superficial, etc.) are outside its scope, as well as thrombosis associated with catheter and thrombosis associated with cancer, which due to their peculiarities will be the subject of other positioning documents of the Thromboembolic Disease group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI).

[Scope of the latest RE-LY substudies: clinical implications]. / Alcance de los últimos subestudios del RE-LY: implicaciones clínicas.

The approval of the use of dabiatran in stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrilation (NVAF) is based on the results of the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial, one of the largest studies to date in this entity. In this trial, dabigatran showed similar safety and efficacy to warfarin in primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with AF. At a dose of 150 mg twice daily, dabigatran was superior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and the 110 mg dose twice daily showed similar efficacy and greater safety, given the lower incidence of hemorrhage. These results were consistently found in the various subanalyses, with some slight differences of interest for clinical practice. The ideal candidates for dabiatran are patients with NVAF suitable for cardioversion, who require short periods of anticoagulation, patients in remote geographical areas with difficulty in achieving good anticoagulation control or good control with anti-vitamin K treatment due to IRN fluctuations, and patients with a low risk of hemorrhage and a CHADS score ≥ 3 and/or with prior stroke, whenever there are no contraindications. The choice of dabigatran dose should be evaluated according to the patient's individual characteristics (caution must be exercised when prescribing this drug in the elderly and in renal insufficiency) and embolic and/or hemorrhagic risk. Studies of the long-term safety of this drug, pharmacoeconomic analyses in Spain and post-commercialization pharmacovigilance data are required before the definitive uses of this drug can be established.

Alcance de los últimos subestudios del RE-LY: implicaciones clínicas / Scope of the latest RE-LY substudies: clinical implications

La aprobación de etexilato de dabigatrán en la prevención del ictus en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) se fundamenta en los resultados del ensayo RE-LY, uno de los mayores estudios realizados hasta la fecha en esta patología. En este estudio, dabigatrán ha demostrado ser una alternativa eficaz y segura a la warfarina para la prevención primaria y secundaria del ictus en pacientes con FA. Dabigatrán en dosis de 150 mg 2 veces al día resultó superior a la warfarina en la prevención de ictus o embolias sistémicas y la dosis de 110 mg 2 veces al día demostró similar eficacia con mayor seguridad, dada la menor incidencia de hemorragia. Dichos resultados se mantienen consistentes en los diferentes subanálisis con algunos matices de interés para la práctica clínica. Los candidatos ideales para dabigatrán serían los pacientes con FANV subsidiarios de cardioversión, que requieren períodos cortos de anticoagulación, pacientes en zonas geográficas alejadas con dificultad para acceder a un buen control de la anticoagulación o difíciles de controlar con AVK por fluctuación del cociente internacional normalizado (INR), y pacientes con bajo riesgo de hemorragias, con score de CHADS≥ 3 o/ y con ictus previo, siempre que lógicamente no exista contraindicación. La elección de dosis de dabigatrán será valorada en función de las características individuales (precaución con los ancianos y en insuficiencia renal) y del riesgo embólico y/ o hemorrágico en cada paciente. Aspectos relacionados con la seguridad a largo plazo, estudios de farmacoeconomía en España y datos de farmacovigilancia poscomercialización son necesarios para posicionar definitivamente este fármaco (AU)

The approval of the use of dabiatran in stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrilation (NVAF) is based on the results of the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial, one of the largest studies to date in this entity. In this trial, dabigatran showed similar safety and efficacy to warfarin in primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with AF. At a dose of 150 mg twice daily, dabigatran was superior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and the 110 mg dose twice daily showed similar eficacy and greater safety, given the lower incidence of hemorrhage. These results were consistently found in the various subanalyses, with some slight differences of interest for clinical practice. The ideal candidates for dabiatran are patients with NVAF suitable for cardioversion, who require short periods of anticoagulation, patients in remote geographical areas with difficulty in achieving good anticoagulation control or good control with anti-vitamin K treatment due to IRN fluctuations, and patients with a low risk of hemorrhage and a CHADS score ≥ 3 and/ or with prior stroke, whenever there are no contraindications. The choice of dabigatran dose should be evaluated according to the patient’s individual characteristics (caution must be exercised when prescribing this drug in the elderly and in renal insufficiency) and embolic and/or hemorrhagic risk. Studies of the long-term safety of this drug, pharmacoeconomic analyses in Spain and post-commercialization pharmacovigilance data are required before the definitive uses of this drug can be established (AU)

Mortalidad precoz en un hospital terciario: análisis de la calidad asistencial / Early mortality in a tertiary care hospital: analysis of quality of care

Objetivos: Describir y analizar las características clínico-epidemiológicas y el proceso asistencial de los pacientes que fallecen durante las primeras 24 horas tras su llegada a urgencias. Método: Estudio unicéntrico descriptivo de todos los pacientes fallecidos durante las primeras 24 horas tras su llegada a urgencias durante el año 2009. Se compararon según el lugar del fallecimiento (urgencias o planta) el tipo de paciente (terminal o no) ys e analizó la calidad asistencial prestada. Resultados: Se produjeron 164 fallecimientos, 81 de ellos en hospitalización y 83 en urgencias(tasa de mortalidad 0,091%). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 78,4 ± 14,7años, el 54,9% fueron mujeres, el 85% tenía alguna comorbilidad importante y el índicede Karnofsky medio fue de 66,1 ± 23,7. El 24,7% de sujetos se encontraba en fase terminal de su enfermedad. En el 82,2% de los casos el fallecimiento fue previsible a la llegada del paciente a urgencias. Las principales causas de muerte fueron las enfermedades cerebrovasculares(17,3%), seguidas de las neumonías (16,7%) y las septicemias (13,6%). La ubicación de los pacientes se consideró adecuada en el 98,8% de casos. Recibieron tratamiento con analgésicos opiáceos o sedación con mayor frecuencia los pacientes en fase terminal (64,1 frente a 34,2%, p < 0,05). En el 97,1% de casos se informó a los familiares acerca del pronóstico del paciente, y en el 87% éste se encontraba acompañado. Conclusiones: Dada la creciente demanda asistencial de pacientes afectados de patologías terminales, el análisis de su proceso asistencial permite garantizar las medidas de confort para ellos, con el fin de maximizar la calidad percibida por los enfermos y sus familiares (AU)

Objective: To describe and analyze the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the care process of patients who died within 24 hours of arriving at emergency department. Methods: Descriptive single-centre study of patients who died in the first 24 hours of arrival at our emergency department in 2009.Results: A total of 164 deaths occurred; 84 patients died after admission to a ward and 83 were in the emergency department (mortality rate, 0.091%). The mean (SD) age of these patients was 78.4 (14.7) years; 54.9% were women and 85% had a significant comorbid condition. The mean Karnofsky index was 66.1 (23.7). The terminal stage of adisease had been reached by 24.7% of the patients, and death was foreseen on the patient’s arrival in the emergency department in 82.2%. The most frequent cause of death was cerebrovascular disease (17.3%), followed by pneumonia(16.7%) and septicemia (13.6%). Patients were admitted to an appropriate place in 98.8% of the cases. Treatment with opioid analgesics or sedation was most often provided for patients in a terminal phase (64.1% vs 34.2%, P<.05). Families were informed about the patient’s prognosis in 97.1% of the cases; 87% of the patients were accompanied by a relative. Conclusions: Given that the demand for care of patients in terminal phases of disease is growing, analysis of the care process will allow us to ensure that measures are implemented to make them and their families as comfortable as possible (AU)

Carcinoma suprarrenal. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / No disponible

No disponible