Multicomponent Synthesis of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitor Nirmatrelvir.

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, it has become clear that global access to efficacious antiviral drugs will be critical to combat future outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 or related viruses. The orally available SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir has proven an effective treatment option for Covid-19, especially in compromised patients. We report a new synthesis of nirmatrelvir featuring a highly enantioselective biocatalytic desymmetrization (>99% ee) and a highly diastereoselective multicomponent reaction (>25:1 dr) as the key steps. Our route avoids the use of transition metals and peptide coupling reagents, resulting in an overall highly efficient and atom-economic process.

One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Cascade for the Enantioselective C(1)-Allylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines.

Herein, we report a one-pot, chemoenzymatic process for the synthesis of enantioenriched C(1)-allylated tetrahydroisoquinolines. This transformation couples a monoamine oxidase (MAO-N)-catalyzed oxidation with a metal catalyzed allylboration, followed by a biocatalytic deracemization to afford allylic amine derivatives in both high yields and good to high enantiomeric excess. The cascade is operationally simple, with all components added at the start of the reaction and can be used to generate key building blocks for further elaboration.

Multifunctional biocatalyst for conjugate reduction and reductive amination.

Chiral amine diastereomers are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals1, yet their preparation often relies on low-efficiency multi-step synthesis2. These valuable compounds must be manufactured asymmetrically, as their biochemical properties can differ based on the chirality of the molecule. Herein we characterize a multifunctional biocatalyst for amine synthesis, which operates using a mechanism that is, to our knowledge, previously unreported. This enzyme (EneIRED), identified within a metagenomic imine reductase (IRED) collection3 and originating from an unclassified Pseudomonas species, possesses an unusual active site architecture that facilitates amine-activated conjugate alkene reduction followed by reductive amination. This enzyme can couple a broad selection of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyls with amines for the efficient preparation of chiral amine diastereomers bearing up to three stereocentres. Mechanistic and structural studies have been carried out to delineate the order of individual steps catalysed by EneIRED, which have led to a proposal for the overall catalytic cycle. This work shows that the IRED family can serve as a platform for facilitating the discovery of further enzymatic activities for application in synthetic biology and organic synthesis.

The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics.

Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.

Iridium-catalyzed 1,5-(aryl)aminomethylation of 1,3-enynes by alkenyl-to-allyl 1,4-iridium(i) migration.

A novel multicomponent coupling reaction involving the iridium-catalyzed 1,5-difunctionalization of 1,3-enynes with arylboronic acids and triazinanes is described. A key step in this 1,5-(aryl)aminomethylation reaction is the alkenyl-to-allyl 1,4-iridium(i) migration.

Regiodivergent Copper Catalyzed Borocyanation of 1,3-Dienes.

Copper catalyzed multi-functionalization of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a powerful tool for the generation of complex molecules. We report a regiodivergent process that allows a switch between 1,4-borocupration and 4,1-borocupration of 1,3-dienes upon a simple change in ligand. The subsequently generated allyl coppers are trapped in an electrophilic cyanation to selectively generate densely functionalized and synthetically versatile 1,2- or 4,3-borocyanation products.

Enantioselective Generation of Adjacent Stereocenters in a Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling of Imines, Allenes, and Diboranes.

A highly enantio- and diastereoselective copper-catalyzed three-component coupling affords the first general synthesis of homoallylic amines bearing adjacent stereocenters from achiral starting materials. The method utilizes a commercially available NHC ligand and copper source, operates at ambient temperature, couples readily available simple imines, allenes, and diboranes, and yields high-value homoallylic amines that exhibit versatile amino, alkenyl, and boryl units.

Copper-Catalyzed Double Additions and Radical Cyclization Cascades in the Re-Engineering of the Antibacterial Pleuromutilin.

A general synthetic sequence involving simply prepared starting materials provides rapid access to diverse, novel tricyclic architectures inspired by pleuromutilin. Sm(II) -mediated radical cyclization cascades of dialdehydes, prepared using a new, one-pot, copper-catalyzed double organomagnesium addition to ß-chlorocyclohexenone, proceed with complete sequence selectivity and typically with high diastereocontrol to give analogues of the target core. Our expedient approach (ca. 7 steps) allows non-traditional, de novo synthetic access to analogues of the important antibacterial that can't be prepared from the natural product by semisynthesis.

Length-Dependent Formation of Transmembrane Pores by 310-Helical α-Aminoisobutyric Acid Foldamers.

The synthetic biology toolbox lacks extendable and conformationally controllable yet easy-to-synthesize building blocks that are long enough to span membranes. To meet this need, an iterative synthesis of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) oligomers was used to create a library of homologous rigid-rod 310-helical foldamers, which have incrementally increasing lengths and functionalizable N- and C-termini. This library was used to probe the inter-relationship of foldamer length, self-association strength, and ionophoric ability, which is poorly understood. Although foldamer self-association in nonpolar chloroform increased with length, with a ∼ 14-fold increase in dimerization constant from Aib6 to Aib11, ionophoric activity in bilayers showed a stronger length dependence, with the observed rate constant for Aib11 ∼ 70-fold greater than that of Aib6. The strongest ionophoric activity was observed for foldamers with >10 Aib residues, which have end-to-end distances greater than the hydrophobic width of the bilayers used (∼ 2.8 nm); X-ray crystallography showed that Aib11 is 2.93 nm long. These studies suggest that being long enough to span the membrane is more important for good ionophoric activity than strong self-association in the bilayer. Planar bilayer conductance measurements showed that Aib11 and Aib13, but not Aib7, could form pores. This pore-forming behavior is strong evidence that Aibm (m ≥ 10) building blocks can span bilayers.