Thermodynamics of Association of Structurally Related Amphiphilic Penicillins.

Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the penicillins cloxacillin and dicloxacillin in water were determined by conductivity measurements over the temperature range 288.15 to 313.15 K. Both penicillins showed minimum CMCs at temperatures close to 298.15 K. Thermodynamic parameters of aggregate formation were derived from the variation of the CMC with temperature using a modified form of the mass action model applicable to systems of low aggregation number. Values for the enthalpy of aggregate formation, DeltaH(0)(m), calculated by this method showed that the aggregation of both cloxacillin and dicloxacillin became increasingly exothermic with increase in temperature. The predicted DeltaH(0)(m) at 298.15 K was in good agreement with the value determined experimentally by calorimetry for each drug. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Effect of Electrolyte on the Surface and Thermodynamic Properties of Amphiphilic Penicillins.

Critical micelle concentrations and surface properties of the penicillins cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin in aqueous solution at 303 K and at electrolyte concentrations over the range 0.0-0.4 mol dm(-3) were determined by surface tension measurements. A mass action model, modified for application to associating systems of low aggregation number, was used to calculate the standard Gibbs energy of micellization of these drugs at each electrolyte concentration. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Influence of Molecular Structure on the Ideality of Mixing in Micelles Formed in Binary Mixtures of Surface-Active Drugs.

The influence of the structure of the hydrophobic group on the ideality of mixing in binary mixtures of surface active molecules has been investigated using combinations of amphiphilic penicillins. Critical concentrations (cc) of the binary mixtures of these anionic surfactants were determined by conductivity measurements as a function of the composition. The nonideality of mixing was evaluated using a regular solution approximation and expressed in terms of the interaction parameter, beta. Mixing in micelles formed in binary mixtures of the structurally similar penicillins cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin was ideal (beta = 0). In contrast, the combination of either cloxacillin or dicloxacillin with the penicillin nafcillin produced mixed micelles in which the mixing deviated from ideality (beta = +0.1 to +0.2). The positive values of beta for these systems indicated negative synergism between components of the mixtures that may be a consequence of the marked structural differences between the hydrophobic groups of these drugs. The composition of the mixed micelles was derived from the cc data by application of a theoretical treatment based on excess thermodynamic quantities. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Thermodynamics of Micellization of n-Alkyl Sulfates in an Alkaline Medium at Different Temperatures.

Critical micelle concentrations (cmc) have been calculated from conductivity measurements at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K for sodium n-decyl sulfate (SDES), sodium n-undecyl sulfate (SUNDS), and sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a medium of pH 10.0 and ionic strength 0.0312. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization, standard Gibbs energies (), standard enthalpies (), and standard entropies (), have been obtained by application of the model of Evans and Ninham in terms of hydrophobic and surface contributions. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Thermodynamics of Micellization of Surfactants of Low Aggregation Number: The Aggregation of Propranolol Hydrochloride.

The self-association of propranolol hydrochloride in aqueous solution has been studied as a function of temperature. The critical concentration (C*) and the degree of ionization (alpha) were determined by conductivity measurements at temperatures over the range 298.15 to 313.15 K. The enthalpy change on aggregation in water was measured by microcalorimetry. To calculate changes in the thermodynamic properties of aggregation the mass action model for high and low aggregation numbers was applied, the latter model giving better agreement between experimental and theoretical enthalpy changes. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.