ABSTRACT
The kinetics of sterol efflux from human aortic smooth muscle cells equilibrated with a [(3)H]benzophenone-modified photoactivable free cholesterol analogue ((3)H-FCBP) did not differ significantly from those labeled with free cholesterol ((3)H-FC). Trypsin digestion of caveolin cross-linked by photoactivation of FCBP led to association of radiolabel in a single low molecular weight fraction, indicating relative structural homogeneity of caveolin-bound sterol. These findings were used to investigate the organization of sterols in caveolae and the ability of these domains to transfer sterols to apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), the major protein of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL). During long-term (4-5 h) incubation with apo A-I, caveolin-associated (3)H-FC and (3)H-FCBP decreased, in parallel with an increase in apo A-I-associated sterol. Assay of caveolin-associated labeled sterols indicated that caveolae were a major source of sterol lost from the cells during HDL formation. Short-term changes of sterol distribution in caveolae were assayed using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF was without effect on FC efflux in the absence of apo A-I, but when apo A-I was present, PDGF increased FC efflux approximately 3-fold beyond the efflux rate catalyzed by apo A-I alone. At the same time, caveolin-associated FC decreased, and PDGF-dependent protein kinase activity was stimulated. Parallel results were obtained with (3)H-FCBP-equilibrated cells, in which apo A-I potentiated a PDGF-mediated reduction of radiolabel cross-linked to caveolin following photoactivation. These results suggest that sterols within caveolae are mobile and selectively transferred to apo A-I. They also suggest a novel role for sterol efflux in amplifying PDGF-mediated signal transduction.
Subject(s)
Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , Caveolins/metabolism , Membrane Microdomains/metabolism , Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Sterols/metabolism , Animals , Cattle , Caveolin 1 , Cells, Cultured , Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives , Cholesterol/metabolism , Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Temperature , TrypsinABSTRACT
A cell-free assay was developed for the orphan nuclear receptor LXRalpha that measures the ligand-dependent recruitment of a peptide from the steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1) to the nuclear receptor. Using this ligand-sensing assay (LiSA), the structural requirements for activation of the receptor by oxysterols and related compounds were studied. The minimal pharmacophore for receptor activation was shown to be a sterol with a hydrogen bond acceptor at C24. 24(S),25-Epoxycholesterol (1), which meets this criterion, is among the most efficacious of the oxysterols and is an attractive candidate as the LXRalpha natural hormone. Cholenic acid dimethylamide (14) showed increased efficacy compared to 1, whereas the unnatural oxysterol 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (4) was shown to be an antagonist of 1 in the LiSA. The structural requirements for SRC1 recruitment in the LiSA correlated with the transcriptional activity of compounds in a cell-based reporter assay employing LXRalpha-GAL4 chimeric receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Trp(443) as an amino acid critical for activation of LXRalpha by oxysterol ligands. This information was combined with the structure-activity relationship developed from the LiSA to develop a 3D homology model of LXRalpha. This model may aid the design of synthetic drugs targeted at this transcriptional regulator of cholesterol homeostasis.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists , Receptors, Steroid/agonists , Sterols/pharmacology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding Sites , Blotting, Western , Cell Line , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cell-Free System , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cholesterol/chemical synthesis , Cholesterol/chemistry , Cholesterol/pharmacology , Cholic Acids/chemical synthesis , Cholic Acids/chemistry , Cholic Acids/pharmacology , DNA-Binding Proteins , Energy Transfer , Fluorescence , Histone Acetyltransferases , Hydroxycholesterols/chemical synthesis , Hydroxycholesterols/chemistry , Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology , Ketocholesterols/chemical synthesis , Ketocholesterols/chemistry , Ketocholesterols/pharmacology , Liver X Receptors , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 , Orphan Nuclear Receptors , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors , Stereoisomerism , Sterols/chemical synthesis , Sterols/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Tryptophan/chemistryABSTRACT
Efforts to improve the synthesis of 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (1) from stigmasterol (3) have included identification of 6 alpha-hydroxy-i-steroid 11 as a byproduct from the ozonolysis of 9 and an attempt to effect conversion of sulfone 14 to diol 18 via Payne rearrangement and nucleophilic trapping of epoxide 25, which led instead to 27 and 28 (97% yield). A more efficient synthesis of 1 was achieved via coupling of cuprate 21 with allylic acetate 31 to give 73% of 16, in the most efficient conversion yet of a C22 intermediate to desmosterol (5) or its acetate 6.
