Localization of neurons innervating the upper portion of the duodenum in the motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.

Using the method of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and a microelectrode technique, a population of neurons sending axons to the upper portion of the duodenum was identified in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. It was established that the maximal number of such neurons was located 1.0-2.5 mm rostral to the obex. The effects of their stimulation on the electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the duodenum was studied.

[The localization of neurons in the nodose ganglion of the cat that innervate the rostral portion of the duodenum]. / Lokalizatsiia neironov uzlovatogo gangliia koshki, innerviruiushchikh rostral'nuiu chast' dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

The method of axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used for studying the sites of localization and morphological features of sensory neurons of the vagus nerve in the left and right ganglion nodosum innervating the rostral part of the duodenum. Animals under nembutal narcosis were given 90-100 mcl of 33% solution of horseradish peroxidase ("Olaine", Riga RZ 2.7) injected into a limited area (1 x 1 sm) of the muscular layer of the duodenum. Horseradish peroxidase labelled neurons were found bilaterally in the both ganglia. The number of neurons in the left ganglion was 91 +/- 23, in the right one--115 +/- 24. The sensory cells are mainly of the ellipsoid form and of different sizes. Areas of sections of the neurons vary from 100 to 1300 mkm2, most on them having the area from 300 to 700 mkm2. The distribution of neurons according to the sizes of their areas have no substantial differences in the left and right ganglia. It was found that 65% of neurons in the right ganglion and 67% in the left one are localized in its caudal half.

[A clinico-experimental study of the innervation of the teeth and gingivae]. / Kliniko-éksperimental'noe izuchenie innervatsii zubov i desen.

Clinical studies of changes in dental electric excitability before and after torus anesthesia and cat and monkey experiments with the use of morphohistochemical technique of detecting horseradish peroxidase (a marker) in Gasser's ganglion [correction of Hasser's node] 72 hrs following the marker administration into canine, incisor, and gingival cavities have revealed no cross innervation of the teeth and gingiva at the level of the peripheral component of the trigeminal nerve branches.

[The localization of neurons innervating the upper portion of the duodenum in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve]. / Lokalizatsiia neironov, innerviruiushchikh verkhniuiu chast' dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki, v dorsal'nom motornom iadre bluzhdaiushchego nerva.

In anesthetized cats, using method of the retrograde transport of the horseradish peroxidase and electrophysiological techniques, the dorsal motor nucleus neurons innervating upper portion of the duodenum were found. Maximal number of such neurons were found within 1.0 to 2.5 mm rostral to the obex. The effects of the neurons stimulation on the electrical activity of the duodenum smooth muscles were studied. Possible role of the dorsal motor nucleus neurons in realisation of gastro-duodenum motor reflexes is discussed.

[Ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex of an 100 1/2-year-old man]. / Ul'tramikroskopicheskie izmeneniia kory bol'shogo mozga cheloveka 100 let 6 mesiatsev.

Age changes in fields 39 and 40 (after Broadman) have been studied in a 100 years and 6 months old man died from peritonitis resulted from the surgical intervention, performed in connection with strangulation of the hernia. In the medical history there were no ++neuro-physical signs. The material was taken in 1 h 15 min after clinical death had been stated. The results obtained have been compared with those studied in the brain of persons, who had not yet reached the age of 100 years and had not any signs of ++neuro-physical disturbances and died after urgent surgical interventions in the abdominal cavity. In this group of persons the material for investigation was taken in 15-30 min after clinical death had been stated. The technique for treatment the material, its preparation for electron-microscopical examination is identical. Immersion fixation has been applied. The material obtained from an old animal fixed by means of vital perfusion of 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution is also used. In the person of 100 years and 6 months old the changes do not practically differ from those obtained from persons of younger age, however, the time from the statement of clinical death up to obtaining the material essentially influences preservation of the synaptic apparatus components.

[Connections between area AIV and areas AI, AII and Ep of the auditory cortex in the cat]. / Sviazi zony AIV s zonami AI, AII i Ep slukhovoi kory bol'shogo mozga koshki.

Zones AI A11 and Ep in the cat auditory corex have been studied layer-by-layer electron microscopically after the zone AIV has been removed. Terminals having degeneration signs according to the dark type are mainly found in the layers V-VI of all the auditory cortex zones studied. Additional degenerative zones are revealed in the layer I of the zone AII and in the layer II of the zone Ep. Not any additional foci of degeneration are found in the zone AI. A suggestion is made concerning a physiological significance of the afferent distribution in the connective systems investigated. The corticocortical connections are formed by axodendritic and axospine synapses.

[Study of interneuronal connections by the technic of luminescent demonstration of retrograde transport of primulin]. / Izuchenie mezhneironnykh sviazei metodikoi liuminestsentnogo vyiavleniia retrogradnogo transporta primulina.

A possibility to study associative and projective connections of the optic cortical fields by the method of luminescent revealing of primuline retrograde transport has been demonstrated in the experiments with cats. Initial neurons of the connective systems have been revealed in various fields of the optic cortex (fields 17, 18, 19) and in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus. The initial cells have various luminescent intensity.

[Study of the intracerebral connections after intracortical administration of glutamate]. / Izuchenie vnutrimozgovykh sviazei posle intrakortikal'nogo vvedeniia glutamata.

Various microdoses of monosubstituted sodium L-glutamate (MSG) were injected into zone AI of the cat cerebral acoustic cortex. In 2 h--14 days, it was stated light optically that the place of injection was slightly stained, and most of neurons failed to stain. At the place of MSG injection, electron microscopic investigation revealed neurons with various degree of pathologic changes up to the lethal ones. Astroglia was edematous, oligodendrocytes and pericytes had normal appearance. In field 4 and in zone AII of the acoustic cortex, separate neural cells with sharply increasing number of ribosomes and polysomes were noted. Anterograde axonal degeneration in the lesioned neurons and their terminals was revealed in frontal sections impregnated after Wiitanen. In the cortical field 7, in zones AII, AIV, Ep of the acoustic cortex, in the head of the nucleus caudatus and in the internal geniculate body, terminal boutons degenerating after the dark type and at the same time as after surgical extirpation of zone AI were revealed. Owing to the fact that the lesions are of local character and the trauma is small, it is possible to use neuronal glutamate-induced degeneration as a method for investigating intracerebral connections.

[Ultrastructure of the terminals of bushy receptors]. / Ul'trastruktura terminalei kustikovidnykh retseptorov.

Patches of bushy receptors in the frog (Rana temporaria) urinary bladder cervix were revealed electron microscopically. The patches have no neurilemma, have specific topography and distribution, they vary in their form and size, their ultrastructural features are presented as specialization of cytolemma, mitochondria of a condenced type, a peculiar receptory matrix, various structure of the basal membrane in different areas. Topographic, morphological and ultrastructural data evidence in favour of a sensitive nature of the bushy receptory terminals described.

[Synaptic organization of the individual layers of field 4 of the cat cerebral cortex]. / Sinapticheskaia organizatsiia otdel'nykh sloev 4-go polia kory bol'shogo mozga koshki.

By means of electron microscopic method, synaptic organization of some layers in the field 4 of the cat brain cortex has been studied. It has been demonstrated that: a) synaptic organization of the cortex becoms more complex from superficual layers towards deeper ones; b) axospinous and axosomatic synapses have identical structure in all the cortical layers, while the structure of axodendritic synapses depends on their localization. A possible physiological estimation of the morphological data obtained has been carried out.

[Several details of the ultrastructural organization of the blood-brain barrier in humans and animals]. / Nekotorye detali ul'trastrukturnoi organizatsii gemato-éntsefalicheskogo bar'era u cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

Electron microscope study of capillaries, arterioles, and venules of the cerebral cortex, strio--pallidar and nonneurosecretory complexes of hypothalamus of the man, cat, and rat revealed some details of the structure of the basal membrane and its interrelationship with adjacent astrocyte processes. Specific tight--junction type was present constantly among the adjacent membranes of glial cells. The system of the specializations and basal membrane seems to exert regulatory influence upon functioning of the blood--brain barrier.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the intracerebral components of the blood-brain barrier]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika vnutrimozgovykh komponentov gematoéntsefalicheskogo bar'era.

Electron microscopic studies of interactions between the cerebral tissue, the basal membrane of intracerebral vessels, and the limiting superficial membrane have been carried out. It has been demonstrated that highly specialized contacts of the compact and gap type are maintained constantly between the membranes of the neighboring astrocyte spicules around the vessels and under the limiting membrane. Such contacts are also encountered in the intercellular space in the whole mass of the brain. It is suggested that this specialized system and the basal membrane are of importance for regulating the functioning of the hematoencephalic barrier. It is noted that there exists a united structured system at the border between the cerebral tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood, the participates in the pathogenetic and homeostatic mechanisms.