The rolC gene increases caffeoylquinic acid production in transformed artichoke cells.

Caffeoylquinic acids are found in artichokes, and they are currently considered important therapeutic or preventive agents for treating Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. We transformed artichoke [the cultivated cardoon or Cynara cardunculus var. altilis DC (Asteraceae)] with the rolC gene, which is a known inducer of secondary metabolism. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-HRMS) revealed that the predominant metabolites synthesized in the transgenic calli were 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and chlorogenic acid. The rolC-transformed calli contained 1.5% caffeoylquinic acids by dry weight. The overall production of these metabolites was three times higher than that of the corresponding control calli. The enhancing effect of rolC remained stable over long-term cultivation.

[Cultivation of Iris ensata Thunb. callus tissue]. / Osobennosti kul'tivirovaniia kallusnoi tkani Iris ensata Thunb.

A continuous callus culture was obtained from zygotic embryos of Japanese iris (Iris ensata Thunb.) on the Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l alpha-naphthylacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). It was found that a successful callusogenesis required isolated embryos at the wax stage of endosperm development. The optimal combination of phytohormones for the growth of callus tissue was 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BAP. The pigment composition of I. ensata callus tissue was studied. It was demonstrated that subcultivated callus tissue contained red pigments of flavonoid nature. Under stress cultivation conditions, yellow pigments were formed and the content of red pigments increased.

[Factors, determining the activity of a new antimicrobial substance from fish oils from various species]. / Faktory, opredeliaiushchie aktivnost' novogo antimikrobnogo preparata iz rybnykh zhirov razlichnoi prirody.

The induction of antimicrobial activity of a new preparation, an aqueous fraction of water-oil emulsion oxidized by air oxygen, was studied. The effect of various factors (the degree of unsaturation of the initial oil and the content of oil oxidation products in obtained preparation) on the antimicrobial activity was determined. The antimicrobial activity of the preparation was induced by oil oxidation. The preparation produced from sardine Sardinops melanostica oil (33.95% of polyunsaturated fatty acids) displayed the highest antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was shown in water-soluble oil oxidation products.

[(2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal--an active component of a new natural antimicrobial substance]. / (2E)-4-gidroksi-2-nonenal'--aktivnyi komponent novogo prirodnogo antimikrobnogo preparata.

A mixture of water-soluble oxidation products of Sardinops melanosticta sardine oil was found to contain (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. This was isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and reversed-phase HPLC. Its structure was elucidated by physicochemical methods. The activity of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal against test cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis was about 20% of the total antimicrobial activity of the preparation.

[Synthesis of monoepoxides of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids]. / Sintez monoépoksidov arakhidonovoi, éikozapentaenovoi i dokozageksaenovoi kislot.

A practical synthesis of cis-monoepoxides from free arachidonic 20:4 (n-6), eicosapentaenoic 20:5 (n-3) and docosahexaenoic 22:6 (n-3) acids, their cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase metabolites, is described. The free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were oxidized each by 1.25 eq. m-chloroperbenzoic acid in ethanol to give a mixture of PUFAs' mono-epoxy derivatives (45%) which was separated by HPLC and the individual isomers were characterised by mass spectrometry. All regioisomers of the free PUFAs' cis-monoepoxides were thus obtained.