A more liberal approach towards induction of labour in prolonged pregnancy does not result in an adverse labour outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Discussions among Norwegian obstetricians on how to handle prolonged pregnancies have been ongoing throughout the past decade. In 2011, the Norwegian Directorate of Health recommended a specialist care consultation one week after the estimated date of delivery, implying prompt induction of labour in women at risk. The aim of this study was to compare an expectant management with a more liberal approach towards induction of labour, and to assess how the women responded to these recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quality assurance study was performed at Stavanger University Hospital in women with a pregnancy length ≥ 290 days. A total of 480 women who delivered prior to the introduction of the new guidelines (control period) were compared with 493 women treated according to the new recommendations (study period). RESULTS: A total of 421/493 (85%) women in the study period attended the consultation on day 290. Of these, 61% were recommended early induction of labour (within 24 hours) because their pregnancy was a risk pregnancy. Four percent of the women with risk factors awaited spontaneous labour until day 294, versus 20% of low-risk women. When comparing the two periods, we observed an increase in the frequency of induced labour from 38% to 65%, an insignificant elevation of Caesarean section rates from 11.5% to 13.8%, and no significant increase in other interventions or in adverse newborn outcomes. CONCLUSION: A more liberal approach towards induction of labour one week after the estimated date of delivery did not lead to an adverse labour outcome. FUNDING: none. TRIAL REGISTRATION: not relevant.

Assessing the association of oxytocin augmentation with obstetric anal sphincter injury in nulliparous women: a population-based, case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of oxytocin augmentation with obstetric anal sphincter injury among nulliparous women. DESIGN: Population-based, case-control study. SETTING: Primary and secondary teaching hospital serving a Norwegian region. POPULATION: 15 476 nulliparous women with spontaneous start of labour, single cephalic presentation and gestation ≥37 weeks delivering vaginally between 1999 and 2012. METHODS: Based on the presence or absence of oxytocin augmentation, episiotomy, operative vaginal delivery and birth weight (<4000 vs ≥4000 g), we modelled in logistic regression the best fit for prediction of anal sphincter injury. Within the modified model of main exposures, we tested for possible confounding, and interactions between maternal age, ethnicity, occiput posterior position and epidural analgaesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Obstetric anal sphincter injury. RESULTS: Oxytocin augmentation was associated with a higher OR of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in women giving spontaneous birth to infants weighing <4000 g (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5 to 2.2). Episiotomy was not associated with sphincter injuries in spontaneous births, but with a lower OR in operative vaginal deliveries. Spontaneous delivery of infants weighing ≥4000 g was associated with a threefold higher OR, and epidural analgaesia was associated with a 30% lower OR in comparison to no epidural analgaesia. CONCLUSIONS: Oxytocin augmentation was associated with a higher OR of obstetric anal sphincter injuries during spontaneous deliveries of normal-size infants. We observed a considerable effect modification between the most important factors predicting anal sphincter injuries in the active second stage of labour.

Arteriovenous malformation as a consequence of a scar pregnancy.

A scar pregnancy is an ectopic pregnancy implanted in a previous lower segment cesarean scar, and the incidence of this complication may be expected to rise along with increasing cesarean section rates. Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus may be congenital, associated with early pregnancy loss, trophoblastic disease, or surgical procedures. We describe a case of uterine arteriovenous malformation as a consequence of a scar pregnancy, complicated by recurrent, serious bleeding. The condition was diagnosed using three-dimensional ultrasound with color Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging and appears not to have been described before. Selective embolization was performed, but eventually surgical intervention with resection of the affected uterine segment was necessary, and the patient recovered. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic-anatomical diagnosis showing trophoblastic cells in the resected area. Because of collateral formation, non-surgical options may be limited and not successful.