[Determination of the corpse's stay in the water duration according to maceration degree of its skin]. / Opredelenie dlitel'nosti prebyvaniya trupa v vode po stepeni vyrazhennosti matseratsii ego kozhnogo pokrova.

A serious problem during the postmortem examination of a corpse extracted from the water can be a significant determination of its stay in the water duration. First of all, the signs indicating the presence of a corpse in the water include maceration, according to the severity of which forensic experts often determine how long the corpse stayed in the water. The aim of the study is to summarize the available literature data and propose ways to objectify the determination of a corpse's stay in water duration by the severity of skin maceration. In this article, based on the analysis of literature, the process of skin maceration is described, as well as the timing and speed of its development according to various authors. The presence of quite a large number of external and internal factors affecting the process of skin maceration and the subjectivity of its severity assessment is indicated. This article provides examples of the biophysical methods usage for the study of biological objects in forensic medical examination, allowing to objectively record changes in the researcher's parameter of interest. The use of skin impedancemetry to objectify the severity of skin maceration.

[On the formation of open skull fractures inflicted by cutting objects].

The objective of the present work was to study the properties of thrusting weapons, the conditions of their action, and the influence on the formation of cranial vault fractures. The lacerated wounds were simulated using an ordinary axe, native skull and isolated cranial vaults, specially designed multilayer polymeric models of bone and other tissues. This approach made it possible to obtain the objective characteristics of a thrusting blow as a medium-speed thrust (7- 20 m/s) with the impact mass commensurate with or exceeding the weight of the affected object. In indispensable condition for such thrust consists of the counteraction of the forces on a hard substrate. The traumatic agent must have the partially limited and maximally convex contact 1 surface (blade) harder than that of the affected object. Moreover, the character of a lacerated fracture strongly depends on the strin-stress properties of the skull.