[Assessment of dietary calcium intake on metabolic syndrome frequency in obese children and adolescents]. / Wplyw spozycia wapnia pokarmowego na wystepowanie zespolu metabolicznego u dzieci i mlodziezy z otyloscia prosta.

INTRODUCTION: High dietary calcium intake has an impact on reduction of adipose tissue, as in prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dietary calcium on appearance MS in children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 150 patients in the age range of 7-18 years with obesity. In each child, the bioelectrical impedance analysis, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids (enzymatic method), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with marking of glucose, insulin blood levels (RIA method), and estimation of nutritional status had been made. The standard deviation score of body mass index (SDS BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. MS was recognized according Cook criteria. RESULTS: All patients had waist circumference greater than the 90 percentile. Boys had more often an abnormal lipids profile than girls. Both, high blood pressure and HOMA-IR >3 were found in over half of studied patients. The diet of many patients had too much fat and saccharose intaking. Only 20% of children consumed normal value of calcium. The observed intaking more than 20 mg of calcium per ideal body mass (i.b.m) per 24 hours had higher % FAT, SDS BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and insulin. MS was recognized more often in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient dietary calcium intake could have an effect on some parameters of metabolic syndrome.

[Anthropometric parameters prognosticating a good final height in patients with Turner syndrome during growth hormone therapy]. / Antropometryczne parametry zapowiadajace dobry wzrost ostateczny u dziewczat z zespolem Turnera, leczonych hormonem wzrostu.

INTRODUCTION: Growth hormone treatment in Turner girls is a widely accepted method of their final height improvement. However some patients do not reach satisfactory final height. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anthropometric parameters which would be prognostic for final height in children with Turner syndrome treated with growth hormone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of 18 girls with Turner syndrome who completed growth hormone therapy and reached a final height were analysed. Mean age was 11.32+/-3.04 years. Correlations of final height with following parameters were analysed: trunk to limbs ratio, lower limbs length (in SDS), growth velocity in the first years of GH therapy. From among other characteristics which could determine the final height the karyotype, age at the start of GH therapy were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean height gain in the group was 8.4 cm (range: 0.6-19.9 cm). Final height over 3rd percentile for the healthy population achieved 33.3% patients. Growth velocity in first 2 years of therapy correlated negatively with final height. Patients with final height over 3rd percentile had statistically significant greater mean height gain. Patients with low final height had a significantly greater deficit of leg length and increased Trunk/Leg Length index. Age at the beginning and duration of therapy had no influence on final height. CONCLUSIONS: Better final height reach the patients who have more advantageous Trunk/Leg Length index before and during therapy, and reduction of leg length deficiency is relatively greater than height deficiency reduction.

[The influence of polymorphism the Gly972Arg variant insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene, and G-308A TNF-alpha gene on obesity and insulin resistance in children with obesity]. / Wplyw polimorfizmu Gly972Arg substratu genu receptora insulinowego IRS-1 oraz G-308A genu TNF-alpha na stopien otylosci i zaburzenia gospodarki weglowodanowej u dzieci z otyloscia.

UNLABELLED: Genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obese subjects. The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 are the most important elements of the insulin-signaling pathways, and mutations in this gene have been reported to play a role in determining insulin resistance, particulary in presence of obesity. The polymorpism of the TNF-a-308 gene is also involved in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance, therefore, we investigated whether the IRS-1 and TNF-a polymorphism can predict conversion to insulin resistance and obesity parameters in children with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 70 children with obesity simplex were included in this study (9-18 y.o). The antropometric investigations: weight, height, BMI, SDS for BMI, WHR, sum of 3, 10 skinfolds, and percent of body fat by Slaughter's equation was calculated. In each children after 12 hour overnight fast glucose, insulin, leptin and lipids: triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol total (Chol-T), cholesterol HDL (Chol-HDL), cholesterol LDL (Chol-LDL) were measured. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed and HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS: Two variants of genotypic IRS-1 were obtained: C/C(85.7 %), A/C(14.3%), and 3 variants of TNF-a G/G 68 % A/G 29% A/A 3%. Statistical analysis of anthropometric and biochemical variables in groups C/C, vs A/C and variables between IRS and TNF (G/G, A/G + A/A) groups was performed. We did not find any significant differences between these groups in the t-Student test. The girls heterozygous for the A allele--A/C (IRS) had higher body weight than girls who were homozygous C/C (chi(2) =3.87, Pr>chi(2)=0,048). In smaller children studies, both polymorphism--IRS and TNF seems not to be associated with the degree of obesity and insulin resistance.

[The frequency of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position 49 exon 1 in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis]. / Wystepowanie polimorfizmu w pozycji 49 eksonie 1 genu CTLA-4 u dzieci z choroba Hashimoto.

INTRODUCTION: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a molecule present on T cells that plays a critical role in the down regulation of antigen-activated immune responses. Its gene polymorphism is a strong candidate gene for conferring susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity. THE AIM of the study was to analyse the frequency of CTLA-4 exon 1 polymorphism (A49G) in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood samples from 68 children were analysed: 30 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 38 healthy, age-matched controls, mean age: 13.6 years. CTLA-4 exon 1 polymorphism (A49G) was defined by the PCR method and single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and confirmed by using BbvI enzyme. Statistical analysis was performed using the t- test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Polymorphism analysis showed that statistically significant more patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were homozygous for G (Ala), and G allele frequency was significant higher than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the association between CTLA-4 exon 1 polymorphism (A49G) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in polish children.

[The surface CD152 (CTLA-4) expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis]. / Ekspresja powierzchniowa CD152 (CTLA-4) na limfocytach krwi obwodowej u dzieci z choroba Hashimoto.

INTRODUCTION: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a transmembrane molecule present on T cells that plays a critical role in the down regulation of antigen-activated immune response. Its gene polymorphism is a strong candidate gene for conferring susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity. THE AIM of the study was to analyse the surface CTLA-4 (CD 152) expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood samples from 66 children were analysed: 36 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 30 healthy, age-matched controls, mean age: 13.4 years. The percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analysed by evaluation of CD antigens surface expression with three colour flow cytometry using Coulter EPICS XL cytometer. CD28, CD152, CD4, CD8 antigens were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using t- test and other tests of the Statistica programme. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: In children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis the surface expression of CD8(+) CD152(+) T cells was statistically significant lower than in healthy controls. P-value was 0,02. Percentage of other CD examined in the study did not differ significantly in patients and in the control group. CONCLUSION: In children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis the surface expression of CTLA-4 (CD152) on peripheral blood lymphocytes CD8(+) was statistically significantly lower than in healthy controls.

[Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene G-308A polymorphism relationship to insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities in children with obesity]. / Wplyw polimorfizmu G-308A genu czynnika martwicy guza alfa (TNF-alpha) na zaburzenia gospodarki weglowodanowej i lipidowej u dzieci z otyloscia.

INTRODUCTIONS: High levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-cytokine produced by adipocytes, are involved in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we investigated whether the polymorphism of TNF-alpha-308 gene can predict the conversion from insulin resistance and obesity parameters in children with obesity. THE STUDY comprised 72 children with obesity simplex (9-18 y.o). The following anthropometric parameters: weight, height, BMI, SDS for BMI, WHR, sum of 3, 10 skinfolds and percentage of body fat by Slaughter's equation were calculated. In each child, after 12 hour overnight fast, glucose, insulin, leptin and lipids: triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol total (Chol-T), cholesterol HDL (Chol-HDL), cholesterol LDL (Chol-LDL) were measured. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed and HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS: Using the technique of PCR-RELP and SSCP, three variants of genotype TNF-alpha were obtained: G/G-68%, A/G-29%, A/A-3%. Statistical analysis of anthropometric, biochemical and leptin variables in groups G/G, vs. A/G +A/A, in boys and girls was performed. We did not find any significant differences between groups (G/G vs. A/G +A/A in all group, and between G/G girls, boys vs A/G +A/A girls, boys) Our data indicate that in smaller children studies, TNF-alpha polymorphism does not seem not to be associated with the degree of obesity and insulin resistance.

[Thyroid volume evaluation in girls with Turner syndrome according to normal range for healthy population]. / Ocena objetosci tarczycy u dziewczat z zespolem Turnera wedlug norm dla zdrowej populacji.

INTRODUCTION: Turner syndrome is a common chromosomal aberration. Among other features of that syndrome susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is well known. Most often there is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Because of short stature the evaluation of thyroid volume according to chronological age seems to be not efficient. THE AIM of the study was to find an adequate method of thyroid volume evaluation in girls with Turner syndrome using standards for healthy children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 54 girls with Turner syndrome were examined, mean age was 11 years and 9 months. Physical and ultrasonographic examination of thyroid gland was performed. The hormonal state and presence of antithyroid autoantibodies were evaluated. The thyroid volume was evaluated according to normal range (by Delange) for chronological and height age of each girl. RESULTS: According to chronological age the thyroid volume was in normal range, but according to height age in 3 patients the thyroid volume was over 97 percentile. They were the same girls in whom we detected goiter according to physical examination. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that proposed method gives the possibility of an accurate evaluation of thyroid volume in patients with Turner syndrome and in other patients with growth deficiency.

Changes in lymphocyte subsets in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to assess changes in selected peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and determine the correlation between these changes and other immunological markers. The study involved a group of 39 patients aged 2-14 years and a control group. The number of T- and B-lymphocytes and the number of CD4, CD8, CD4/HLA-DR, CD8/HLA-DR, CD5/CD20 subsets were measured by flow-cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. Islet cell antibodies (ICA) and antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) were assessed. In both the diabetic and control groups the number of T-and B-lymphocytes were within normal limits. In patients with DM, the percentage of CD5+/CD20+ cells was significantly increased compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). ICA were positive in 80% of patients and GADA in nearly 65%. A positive correlation between the CD5/CD20 subset and ICA and GADA was found. In patients with a high percentage of CD5+/CD20+ lymphocytes, a higher percentage of activated subsets (CD4/HLA DR and CD8/ HLA DR) was detected. IN CONCLUSION: CD5/ CD20 lymphocyte subsets are a good additional marker of autoimmunological processes in DM.