Ketogenic diet with aerobic exercise can induce fat browning: potential roles of ß-hydroxybutyrate.

Introduction: Despite evidence suggesting that metabolic intermediates like ß-HB influence white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of beta-hydroxybutyrate (ß-HB) on the fat browning program and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms using both in vitro and in vivo models. We assessed the effects of ß-HB on fat browning in adipocytes using 3T3-L1 cells and rat models. Methods: We evaluated the effects of ß-HB on fat browning, thermogenesis, lipid accumulation, adipokine expression, and mitochondrial biogenesis by treating mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with sodium ß-HB for 24 h or by continuously exposing preadipocytes to ß-HB during the 8-day differentiation process. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, exercise only (EX), ketogenic diet only (KD), and combined exercise and ketogenic diet (KE) groups for an 8-week intervention involving diet and/or exercise. After intervention, we evaluated WAT histology, plasma lipids and adipokines, and the expression of markers related to fat browning, thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT of rats. Results: In our adipocyte culture experiments, ß-HB reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by enhancing lipolysis and stimulated the expression of thermogenic and fat browning genes like uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), and adipokines such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FDNC5). Additionally, ß-HB activated the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, with UCP1 and PRDM16 upregulation mediated by ß-HB intracellular action and SIRT1 activity. In animal experiments, KE group raised ß-HB levels, decreasing body weight and blood lipids. KD with EX promoted WAT browning possibly via AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α, augmenting PRDM16, UCP1, FGF21, and FNDC5 expression. Conclusion: ß-HB induction via KD and/or EX shows potential in promoting WAT browning by activating mitochondrial biogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis, suggesting that dietary and physical intervention inducing ß-HB may benefit metabolic health.

Role of pericytes in regulating penile angiogenesis and nerve regeneration.

Pericytes are multifunctional mural cells that surround the abluminal wall of endothelial cells and are associated with vascular development, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. Additionally, pericytes demonstrate stem cell-like properties and contribute to neuroinflammatory processes. Pericytes have been extensively studied in the central nervous system. However, specific mechanisms underlying its involvement in various physiological and pathological conditions, especially in erectile dysfunction (ED), remain poorly understood. Advancements in in vitro and in vitro techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, are expanding our understanding of pericytes. Recent studies have shown that pericyte dysfunction is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of vascular and neurological ED. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the specific role of pericytes in ED, focusing on diabetic and neurogenic ED. This article provides a comprehensive review of research findings on PubMed from 2000 to 2023, concerning pericyte dysfunction in the process of ED, offering valuable insights, and suggesting directions for further research.

Argonaute 2 restored erectile function and corpus cavernosum mitochondrial function by reducing apoptosis in a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the overexpression of the Argonaute RNA-induced silencing complex catalytic component 2 (Ago2) improves erectile function in mice after cavernous nerve injury (CNI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lentiviruses containing Ago2 open reading frame (ORF) mouse clone (Ago2 O/E) were used to overexpress Ago2, and lentiviruses ORF negative control particles (NC) were used as a negative control. Three days before preparing the CNI model, we injected lentiviruses into the penises of 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Animals were then divided into four groups: the sham operation control group and the CNI+phosphate-buffered saline, CNI+NC, and CNI+Ago2 O/E groups. One week later, erectile function was assessed by electrically stimulating cavernous nerves bilaterally and obtaining intracavernous pressure parameters. Penile tissue was also collected for molecular mechanism studies. RESULTS: Ago2 overexpression improved erectile function in mice after CNI-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis showed that under Ago2 overexpressing conditions, the contents of endothelial cells, pericytes, and neuronal cells increased in the penile tissues of CNI mice, and this was attributed to reduced apoptosis and ROS production. In addition, we also found that Ago2 overexpression could restore penile mitochondrial function, thereby improving erectile function in CNI-induced ED mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that Ago2 overexpression can reduce penile cell apoptosis, restore penile mitochondrial function, and improve erectile function in CNI-induced ED mice.

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor improves erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) serves as a pro-angiogenic factor; however, there is to our knowledge currently no reported research on the relationship between HB-EGF and diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM: In this study we aimed to determine whether HB-EGF can improve the erectile function of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and to explore the related mechanisms. METHODS: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used for diabetes induction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by low-dose injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days. Eight weeks after streptozotocin injections, DM was determined by measuring blood glucose and body weight. Diabetic mice were treated with two intracavernous administrations of phosphate-buffered saline (20 µL) or various doses of HB-EGF (days -3 and 0; 1, 5, and 10 µg in 20 µL of phosphate-buffered saline). The angiogenesis effect of HB-EGF was confirmed by tube formation and migration assays in mouse cavernous endothelial cells and mouse cavernous pericytes under high-glucose conditions. Erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve, as well as histological examination and Western blot analysis for mechanism assessment. OUTCOMES: In vitro angiogenesis, cell proliferation, in vivo intracavernous pressure, neurovascular regeneration, cavernous permeability, and survival signaling were the outcomes measured. RESULTS: Expression of HB-EGF was reduced under diabetic conditions. Exogenous HB-EGF induced angiogenesis in mouse cavernous endothelial cells and mouse cavernous pericytes under high-glucose conditions. Erectile function was decreased in the DM group, whereas administration of HB-EGF resulted in a significant improvement of erectile function (91% of the age-matched control group) in association with increased neurovascular content, including cavernous endothelial cells, pericytes, and neuronal cells. Histological and Western blot analyses revealed a significant increase in the permeability of the corpus cavernosum in DM mice, which was attenuated by HB-EGF treatment. The protein expression of phospho-Akt Ser473 and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase Ser1177 increased after HB-EGF treatment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The use of HB-EGF may be an effective strategy to treat ED associated with DM or other neurovascular diseases. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Similarly to other pro-angiogenic factors, HB-EGF has dual roles in vascular and neuronal development. Our study focused on broadly evaluating the role of HB-EGF in diabetic ED. In view of the properties of HB-EGF as an angiogenic factor, its dose concentration should be strictly controlled to avoid potential side effects. CONCLUSION: In the diabetic ED mouse model in this study erectile function was improved by HB-EGF, which may provide new treatment strategies for patients with ED who do not respond to phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis of cavernous tissues reveals the key roles of pericytes in diabetic erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects a significant proportion of men aged 40-70 and is caused by cavernous tissue dysfunction. Presently, the most common treatment for ED is phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors; however, this is less effective in patients with severe vascular disease such as diabetic ED. Therefore, there is a need for development of new treatment, which requires a better understanding of the cavernous microenvironment and cell-cell communications under diabetic condition. Pericytes are vital in penile erection; however, their dysfunction due to diabetes remains unclear. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to understand the cellular landscape of cavernous tissues and cell type-specific transcriptional changes in diabetic ED. We found a decreased expression of genes associated with collagen or extracellular matrix organization and angiogenesis in diabetic fibroblasts, chondrocytes, myofibroblasts, valve-related lymphatic endothelial cells, and pericytes. Moreover, the newly identified pericyte-specific marker, Limb Bud-Heart (Lbh), in mouse and human cavernous tissues, clearly distinguishing pericytes from smooth muscle cells. Cell-cell interaction analysis revealed that pericytes are involved in angiogenesis, adhesion, and migration by communicating with other cell types in the corpus cavernosum; however, these interactions were highly reduced under diabetic conditions. Lbh expression is low in diabetic pericytes, and overexpression of LBH prevents erectile function by regulating neurovascular regeneration. Furthermore, the LBH-interacting proteins (Crystallin Alpha B and Vimentin) were identified in mouse cavernous pericytes through LC-MS/MS analysis, indicating that their interactions were critical for maintaining pericyte function. Thus, our study reveals novel targets and insights into the pathogenesis of ED in patients with diabetes.

Photobiomodulation as a Potential Therapy for Erectile Function: A Preclinical Study in a Cavernous Nerve Injury Model.

PURPOSE: To identify the optimal photobiomodulation (PBM) parameters using molecular, histological, and erectile function analysis in cavernous nerve injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cavernous nerve injury was induced in 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice that were subsequently divided randomly into age-matched control groups. Erectile function tests, penile histology, and Western blotting were performed 2 weeks after surgery and PBM treatment. RESULTS: The PBM treatment was administered for five consecutive days with a light-emitted diode (LED) device that delivers 660 nm±3% RED light, and near infra-red 830 nm±2% promptly administered following nerve-crushing surgery and achieved a notable restoration of erectile function approximately 90% of the control values. Subsequent in-vitro and ex-vivo analyses revealed the regeneration of neurovascular connections in both the dorsal root ganglion and major pelvic ganglion, characterized by the sprouting of neurites. Furthermore, the expression levels of neurotrophic, survival, and angiogenic factors exhibited a substantial increase across all groups subjected to PBM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of PBM employing LED with 660 nm, 830 nm, and combination of both these wavelengths, exhibited significant efficacy to restore erectile function in a murine model of cavernous nerve injury. Thus, the PBM emerges as a potent therapeutic modality with notable advantages such as efficacy, noninvasiveness, and non-pharmacological interventions for erectile dysfunction caused by nerve injury.

FLRT2 prevents endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging by regulating the ITGB4/mTORC2/p53 signaling pathway.

The roles of fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2) in physiological and pathological processes are not well known. Here, we identify a potentially novel function of FLRT2 in preventing endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging. We found that FLRT2 expression was lower in cultured senescent endothelial cells as well as in aged rat and human vascular tissues. FLRT2 mediated endothelial cell senescence via the mTOR complex 2, AKT, and p53 signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. We uncovered that FLRT2 directly associated with integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4) and thereby promoted ITGB4 phosphorylation, while inhibition of ITGB4 substantially mitigated the induction of senescence triggered by FLRT2 depletion. Importantly, FLRT2 silencing in mice promoted vascular aging, and overexpression of FLRT2 rescued a premature vascular aging phenotype. Therefore, we propose that FLRT2 could be targeted therapeutically to prevent senescence-associated vascular aging.

Fibroblasts enable penile erection.

Perivascular fibroblasts may underlie erectile dysfunction.

BMP2 restores erectile dysfunction through neurovascular regeneration and fibrosis reduction in diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: The odds of erectile dysfunction are three times more prevalent in diabetes. Severe peripheral vascular and neural damage in diabetic patients responds poorly to phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors. However, bone morphogenetic protein 2 is known to be involved in angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in stimulating angiogenesis and augmenting nerve regeneration in a mouse model of diabetic-induced erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The induction of diabetes mellitus was performed by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg daily) administered intraperitoneally for 5 successive days to male C57BL/6 mice that were 8 weeks old. Eight weeks post-inductions, animals were allocated to one of five groups: a control group, a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse group receiving two intracavernous 20 µL phosphate-buffered saline injections, or one of three bone morphogenetic protein 2 groups administered two injections of bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein (1, 5, or 10 µg) diluted in 20 µL of phosphate-buffered saline within a 3-day interval between the first and second injections. The erectile functions were assessed 2 weeks after phosphate-buffered saline or bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein injections by recording the intracavernous pressure through cavernous nerve electrical stimulation. Angiogenic activities and nerve regenerating effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 were determined in penile tissues, aorta, vena cava, the main pelvic ganglions, the dorsal roots, and from the primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells. Moreover, fibrosis-related factor protein expressions were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS: Erectile function recovery to 81% of the control value in diabetic mice was found with intracavernous bone morphogenetic protein 2 injection (5 µg/20 µL). Pericytes and endothelial cells were extensively restored. It was confirmed that angiogenesis was promoted in the corpus cavernosum of diabetic mice treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 through increased ex vivo sprouting of aortic rings, vena cava and penile tissues, and migration and tube formation of mouse cavernous endothelial cells. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in mouse cavernous endothelial cells and penile tissues, and promoted neurite outgrowth in major pelvic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, bone morphogenetic protein 2 suppressed fibrosis by reducing mouse cavernous endothelial cell fibronectin, collagen 1, and collagen 4 levels under high-glucose conditions. CONCLUSION: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 modulates neurovascular regeneration and inhibits fibrosis to revive the mouse erection function in diabetic conditions. Our findings propose that the bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein represents a novel and promising approach to treating diabetes-related erectile dysfunction.

Regenerative therapies as a potential treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common sexual dysfunction disease in adult males. ED can be caused by many factors, such as vascular disease, neuropathy, metabolic disturbances, psychosocial causes, and side effects of medications. Although current oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors can achieve a certain effect, they cause temporary dilatation of blood vessels with no curative treatment effects. Emerging targeted technologies, such as stem cell therapy, protein therapy, and low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT), are being used to achieve more natural and long-lasting effects in treating ED. However, the development and application of these therapeutic methods are still in their infancy, and their pharmacological pathways and specific mechanisms have not been fully discovered. This article reviews the preclinical basic research progress of stem cells, proteins, and Li-ESWT therapy, as well as the current status of clinical application of Li-ESWT therapy.

Heme-binding protein 1 delivered via pericyte-derived extracellular vesicles improves neurovascular regeneration in a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury.

As a peripheral nerve injury disease, cavernous nerve injury (CNI) caused by prostate cancer surgery and other pelvic surgery causes organic damage to cavernous blood vessels and nerves, thereby significantly attenuating the response to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Here, we investigated the role of heme-binding protein 1 (Hebp1) in erectile function using a mouse model of bilateral CNI, which is known to promote angiogenesis and improve erection in diabetic mice. We found a potent neurovascular regenerative effect of Hebp1 in CNI mice, demonstrating that exogenously delivered Hebp1 improved erectile function by promoting the survival of cavernous endothelial-mural cells and neurons. We further found that endogenous Hebp1 delivered by mouse cavernous pericyte (MCP)-derived extracellular vesicles promoted neurovascular regeneration in CNI mice. Moreover, Hebp1 achieved these effects by reducing vascular permeability through regulation of claudin family proteins. Our findings provide new insights into Hebp1 as a neurovascular regeneration factor and demonstrate its potential therapeutic application to various peripheral nerve injuries.

Crystal structure of LRG1 and the functional significance of LRG1 glycan for LPHN2 activation.

The serum glycoprotein leucine-rich ɑ-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), primarily produced by hepatocytes and neutrophils, is a multifunctional protein that modulates various signaling cascades, mainly TGFß signaling. Serum LRG1 and neutrophil-derived LRG1 have different molecular weights due to differences in glycosylation, but the impact of the differential glycan composition in LRG1 on its cellular function is largely unknown. We previously reported that LRG1 can promote both angiogenic and neurotrophic processes under hyperglycemic conditions by interacting with LPHN2. Here, we determined the crystal structure of LRG1, identifying the horseshoe-like solenoid structure of LRG1 and its four N-glycosylation sites. In addition, our biochemical and cell-biological analyses found that the deglycosylation of LRG1, particularly the removal of glycans on N325, is critical for the high-affinity binding of LRG1 to LPHN2 and thus promotes LRG1/LPHN2-mediated angiogenic and neurotrophic processes in mouse tissue explants, even under normal glucose conditions. Moreover, the intracavernous administration of deglycosylated LRG1 in a diabetic mouse model ameliorated vascular and neurological abnormalities and restored erectile function. Collectively, these data indicate a novel role of LRG1 glycans as molecular switches that can tune the range of LRG1's cellular functions, particularly the LRG1/LPHN2 signaling axis.

Vactosertib, TGF-ß receptor I inhibitor, augments the sensitization of the anti-cancer activity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits a pronounced extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich response, which is produced by an excessive amount of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), resulting in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, TGF-ß signaling contributes to rapidly acquired resistance and incomplete response to gemcitabine. Recently, selective inhibitors of the TGF-ß signaling pathway have shown promise in PDAC treatment, particularly as an option for augmenting responses to chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effects of a small-molecule TGF-ß receptor I kinase inhibitor (vactosertib/EW-7197) in the presence of gemcitabine, and its mechanism of action in pancreatic cancer. Vactosertib sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine by synergistically inhibiting their viability. Importantly, the combination of vactosertib and gemcitabine significantly attenuated the expression of major ECM components, including collagens, fibronectin, and α-SMA, in pancreatic cancer compared with gemcitabine alone. This resulted in potent induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity, and inhibition of tumor ECM by vactosertib. Additionally, the combination decreased metastasis through inhibition of migration and invasion, and exhibited synergistic anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the TGF-ß/Smad2 pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, co-treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic models. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that vactosertib synergistically increased the antitumor activity of gemcitabine via inhibition of ECM component production by inhibiting the TGF-ß/Smad2 signaling pathway. This suggests that the combination of vactosertib and gemcitabine may be a potential treatment option for patients with pancreatic cancer.

Melatonin and Exercise Counteract Sarcopenic Obesity through Preservation of Satellite Cell Function.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by atrophic skeletal muscle impairment (sarcopenia) and obesity, which is associated with adverse outcomes of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. We investigated the effects of melatonin and exercise training on SO in 32-week-old senescence-accelerated mouse-prone-8 (SAMP8) mice fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Melatonin, exercise, or melatonin and exercise for 8 weeks displayed reductions in the SO-induced impairment of skeletal muscle function and atrophy. Specifically, a decrease in mitochondrial calcium retention capacity in skeletal muscles observed in the HFD-con group was attenuated in melatonin and/or exercise intervention groups. More importantly, HFD-con mice displayed a lower number of Pax7+ satellite cells (SCs) and higher expression of p16ink than P8ND mice, which were attenuated by melatonin and/or exercise interventions. The cellular senescence in SC-derived primary myoblasts from HFD-con mice was significantly attenuated in myoblasts from the melatonin and/or exercise groups, which was reproduced in a senescence model of H2O2-treated C2C12 myoblasts. Our results suggest that melatonin and exercise training attenuate SO-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction, at least in part, through preserving the SC pool by inhibiting cellular senescence and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Argonaute 2 Restores Erectile Function by Enhancing Angiogenesis and Reducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Type-1 Diabetic Mice.

Severe vascular and nerve damage from diabetes is a leading cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) and poor response to oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a catalytic engine in mammalian RNA interference, is involved in neurovascular regeneration under inflammatory conditions. In the present study, we report that Ago2 administration can effectively improve penile erection by enhancing cavernous endothelial cell angiogenesis and survival under diabetic conditions. We found that although Ago2 is highly expressed around blood vessels and nerves, it is significantly reduced in the penis tissue of diabetic mice. Exogenous administration of the Ago2 protein restored erectile function in diabetic mice by reducing reactive oxygen species production-signaling pathways (inducing eNOS Ser1177/NF-κB Ser536 signaling) and improving cavernous endothelial angiogenesis, migration, and cell survival. Our study provides new evidence that Ago2 mediation may be a promising therapeutic strategy and a new approach for diabetic ED treatment.

IGFBP5 antisense and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs improve erectile function by inducing cavernosum angiogenesis in diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) is rapidly increasing, and due to the severe angiopathy caused by diabetes, current drugs are ineffective at treating ED. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) promotes cell death and induces apoptosis in various cell types. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of IGFBP5 knockdown in improving erectile function in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally into male 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Eight weeks after diabetes induction, mice were divided into four groups: a nondiabetic control group and three STZ-induced diabetic mice groups, which were administered intracavernous injections of phosphate buffered saline, scrambled control shRNA, or shRNA targeting mouse IGFBP5 (shIGFBP5) lentivirus particles. Two weeks later, we measured erectile function by electrically stimulating the bilateral cavernous nerve. To mimic diabetic angiopathy, primary cavernous endothelial cells (MCECs) from healthy mice were cultured and treated with glucose. RESULTS: IGFBP5 expression in MCECs or cavernous tissues were significantly increased under diabetic conditions, and knockdown of IGFBP5 induced MCECs angiogenic activity under high-glucose conditions. STZ-induced diabetic mice had reduced erectile function, but shIGFBP5 treatment resulted in significant improvements (to 90% of the nondiabetic control group level). Furthermore, in diabetic mice, numbers of cavernous endothelial cells, pericytes, and neuronal cells were increased by shIGFBP5 treatment, which also increased eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation, decreased permeability and apoptosis of cavernous endothelial cells. In addition, IGFBP5 was found to mediate the AKT, ERK, p38 signaling pathways. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Knockdown of IGFBP5 improved erectile function in diabetic mice by promoting cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis and permeability. Local inhibition of IGFBP5 expression may provide a new treatment strategy for diabetic ED and other ischemic vascular or neurological diseases.

Functional and Immunofluorescence Evaluations of Vascular and Neural Integrities in Urinary Bladder of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

PURPOSE: To assess functional and structural changes in vascular and neural structures associated with diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) in the bladders of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were injected with STZ at 50 mg/kg daily for 5 consecutive days. Catheters were inserted 12 weeks later, and 5 days after catheter placement bladder functions were assessed by conscious cystometry. Neurovascular and extracellular matrix marker changes in harvested urinary bladders were investigated by immunofluorescent staining. Body weights and fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were measured 12 weeks after STZ injection. RESULTS: STZ-induced diabetic mice had significantly lower body weights and significantly higher blood glucose levels. Assessment of bladder function in STZ-induced diabetic mice revealed a nearly 3-fold increase in bladder capacity and intercontractile interval compared to controls. However, basal pressure, maximal bladder pressure, and threshold pressure were not significantly different. Morphological and structural analysis showed that STZ-induced diabetic mice had significantly reduced microvascular density in lamina propria (33% of the nondiabetic control values), and severely decreased nerve contents in the detrusor region (42% of the nondiabetic control values). CONCLUSION: STZ-induced diabetic mice exhibit functional and structural derangements in urinary bladder. The present study provides a foundation and describes a useful means of evaluating the efficacies of therapeutic targets and exploring the detailed mechanism of DBD.

A novel DDR1 inhibitor enhances the anticancer activity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich carcinoma, which promotes chemoresistance by inhibiting drug diffusion into the tumor. Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) increases tumor progression and drug resistance by binding to collagen, a major component of tumor ECM. Therefore, DDR1 inhibition may be helpful in cancer therapeutics by increasing drug delivery efficiency and improving drug sensitivity. In this study, we developed a novel DDR1 inhibitor, KI-301690 and investigated whether it could improve the anticancer activity of gemcitabine, a cytotoxic agent widely used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. KI-301690 synergized with gemcitabine to suppress the growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, its combination significantly attenuated the expression of major tumor ECM components including collagen, fibronectin, and vimentin compared to gemcitabine alone. Additionally, this combination effectively decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), thereby inducing apoptosis. Further, the combination synergistically inhibited cell migration and invasion. The enhanced anticancer efficacy of the co-treatment could be explained by the inhibition of DDR1/PYK2/FAK signaling, which significantly reduced tumor growth in a pancreatic xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that KI-301690 can inhibit aberrant ECM expression by DDR1/PYK2/FAK signaling pathway blockade and attenuation of ECM-induced chemoresistance observed in desmoplastic pancreatic tumors, resulting in enhanced antitumor effect through effective induction of gemcitabine apoptosis.

Heat Shock Protein 70 in Penile Neurovascular Regeneration Requires Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase.

PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus, one of the major causes of erectile dysfunction, leads to a poor response to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a ubiquitous molecular chaperone, is known to play a role in cell survival and neuroprotection. Here, we aimed to assess whether and how Hsp70 improves erectile function in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice and Hsp70-Tg mice were used in this study. We injected Hsp70 protein into the penis of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Detailed mechanisms were evaluated in WT or Hsp70-Tg mice under normal and diabetic conditions. Primary MCECs, and MPG and DRG tissues were cultivated under normal-glucose and high-glucose conditions. RESULTS: Using Hsp70-Tg mice or Hsp70 protein administration, we demonstrate that elevated levels of Hsp70 restores erectile function in diabetic mice. We found that cystathionine gamma-lyase (Cse) is a novel target of Hsp70 in this process, showing that Hsp70-Cse acts through the SDF1/HO-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NF-κB p65 pathway to exert its neurovascular regeneration-promoting effects. Coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays using mouse cavernous endothelial cells treated with Hsp70 demonstrated physical interactions between Hsp70 and Cse with a dissociation constant of 1.8 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide novel and solid evidence that Hsp70 acts through a Cse-dependent mechanism to mediate neurovascular regeneration and restoration of erectile function under diabetic conditions.

Pericyte-derived extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles ameliorate erectile dysfunction via lipocalin 2 in diabetic mice.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of erectile dysfunction (ED). Men with diabetic ED do not respond well to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors owing to neurovascular dysfunction. Pericyte-derived extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles (PC-NVs) are known to promote nerve regeneration in a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury. Here, we report that administration of PC-NVs effectively promoted penile angiogenesis and neural regeneration under diabetic conditions, thereby improving erectile function. Specifically, PC-NVs induced endothelial proliferation and migration and reduced cell apoptosis under diabetic conditions. In addition, PC-NVs induced neural regeneration in STZ-induced diabetic mice in dorsal root ganglion and major pelvic ganglion explants in vivo and ex vivo under high-glucose conditions. We found that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a new target of PC-NVs in this process, demonstrating that PC-NVs exert their angiogenic and nerve-regeneration effects by activating MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt and suppressing P53 signaling pathway in an Lcn2-dependent manner. Our findings provide new conclusive evidence that PC-NVs can promote neurovascular regeneration and recovery of erectile function under diabetic conditions via an Lcn2-dependent mechanism. Thus, local administration of PC-NVs may be a promising treatment strategy for the treatment of diabetic ED.