Assessment of acute and subacute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of eugenol nanoparticles after oral exposure in Wistar rats.

The present study aimed to assess the safety, toxicity, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of eugenol nanoparticles (EONs) following oral administration in Wistar rat models. In the acute toxicity study, the rats were given a fixed dose of 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight per group orally and screened for 2 weeks after administration. In the subacute study, three different doses (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg BW) of EON were administered for 28 days. The results indicated no significant differences in food and water consumption, bodyweight change, hematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights, gross findings, or histopathology compared to the control. Additionally, no significant changes were observed in the expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα in the plasma, confirming the absence of systemic inflammation. Biodistribution analysis revealed rapid absorption of eugenol and improved bioavailability due to gradual and sustained release, leading to a maximum eugenol concentration of 15.05 µg/mL (Cmax) at approximately 8 h (Tmax) in the blood plasma. Thus, the study provides valuable insights into the utilization of EON for enhancing the stability, solubility, and sustained release of eugenol and highlights its promising safety profile in vivo.

Tau-aggregation inhibition: promising role of nanoencapsulated dietary molecules in the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative form of dementia associated with memory loss, cognition impairment, and finally leading to death. AD is characterized by abnormal deposits of extracellular beta-amyloid and intracellular Tau-protein tangles throughout the brain. During pathological conditions of AD, Tau protein undergoes various modifications and aggregates over time. A number of clinical trials on patients with AD symptoms have indicated the effectiveness of Tau-based therapies over anti-Aß treatments. Thus, there is a huge paradigm shift toward Tau aggregation inhibitors. Several bioactives of plants and microbes have been suggested to cross the neuronal cell membrane and play a crucial role in managing neurodegenerative disorders. Bioactives mainly act as active modulators of AD pathology besides having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Studies also demonstrated the potential role of dietary molecules in inhibiting the formation of Tau aggregates and removing toxic Tau. Further, these molecules in nonencapsulated form exert enhanced Tau aggregation inhibition activity both in in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting a remarkable role of nanoencapsulation in AD management. The present article aims to review and discuss the structure-function relationship of Tau protein, the post-translational modifications that aid Tau aggregation and potential bioactives that inhibit Tau aggregation.

Life-Threatening Hypokalemic Quadriplegia in a Postoperative Patient.

Acute hypokalemic paralysis is a reversible but potentially lethal clinical condition. We report a case, who developed rapidonset quadriparesis in immediate postoperative period after undergoing right percutaneous nephrolithotomy for bilateral renal stones. On evaluation, she was found to have hypernatremic, hyperchloremic, hypokalemic acidosis. This severe hypokalemia-induced quadriparesis was precipitated by repeated furosemide injections, use of potassium-free fluid as maintenance, intracellular shift due to free water administration in this patient, who had pre-existing distal renal tubular acidosis.

An in Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of 2% Chlorhexidine Gel, Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide Against Enterococcus faecalis in Human Root Dentin.

AIM: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Propolis and Calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis in human root dentin. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and twenty human extracted anterior teeth were decoronated below CEJ and the apical part of root was removed to obtain 6mm of middle of the root. GG no 3 was used to standardize the internal diameter of root canal. Dentin blocks were infected with E faecalis for 21 d. They were assigned into four groups (n = 30).Group 1, Saline (negative control); Group 2, Propolis; Group 3, 2% CHX; Group 4, Calcium hydroxide, At the end of 1, 3, and 5 days an assessment of microbial cells was carried out at a depth of 400 µm and colony counts were calculated.The data were analysed statistically with one-way analysis of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The number of colony-forming units was significantly lower in all experimental groups compared to the control group - Saline. 2% Chlorhexidinegluconate produced better antimicrobial efficacy (100%) on day 1, 3 and 5. Propolis (66.37%) had greater antimicrobial activity than Calcium hydroxide (50.89%) on day 1 but there was no significant difference in their antimicrobial activities on day 3 and day 5. CONCLUSION: 2% Chlorhexidine gel showed the maximum antimicrobial activity against E faecalis and Calcium hydroxide the least. Propolis can be used as an effective alternative intracanal medicament.

The foramen ovale morphometry of sphenoid bone in South Indian population.

BACKGROUND: The foramen ovale is an oval opening in the greater wing of sphenoid bone transmitting the mandibular nerve as its major content. It serves as an important landmark for neurosurgeons in certain procedures as to gain access to trigeminal nerve. Therefore, its topographic position in relation to adjacent bony landmarks provides useful tool during these procedures. AIM: To analyse the morphometric measurements of the foramen ovale among South Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Morphometric analysis was carried out on 104 foramina ovalia of 52 dry human skulls from South India. Following dimensions of foramen ovale were measured: antero-posterior length, transverse width, distance (d(1)) from tubercle of root of zygoma to the centre of the foramen (CF) and distance (d(2)) from the midline of the base of the skull to CF. RESULTS: The mean antero-posterior length was 7.0±2.17mm on right side and 6.8±1.40mm on left side, mean transverse width was 5.0±0.42mm and 4.70±0.91mm on right and left side respectively. Mean d(1) was 32.58±1.72mm on right side and 32.75±1.76mm on left side. Mean d(2) was 25.83±1.26mm on right side and 25.08±1.31mm on left side. CONCLUSION: Regional variations in the morphometric measures may be useful in neurosurgical procedures like administration of anaesthesia involving the mandibular nerve.