The Use of Nautical Activities in Formal Education: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of nautical sports, particularly in coastal areas, during the school stage is a growing phenomenon. It offers unique opportunities for students to develop the necessary competencies outlined in their physical education curriculum in an immersive manner, within a natural and inherently motivating environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study aims to delve deeper into this subject by conducting a systematic review of the utilization of water sports in formal education. To carry out this bibliographic search, the following keywords were employed: "Nautical Activities", "Nautical Sports", "Nautical Camps", "Formal Education", "Children Education", "Primary School", and "Secondary School". The Boolean operator "and" was used to combine these keywords during the search conducted in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. The PRISMA Protocol was utilized for the search process, resulting in the selection and categorization of eight papers into the following thematic areas: Wellbeing, Physical and Mental Health, Education, and Management. RESULTS: The primary findings of this review indicate that the inclusion of these programs within physical education classes enhances overall physical health, mental well-being, and personal development. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate a positive impact on peer interaction and short-term improvement in self-confidence.

Estrategia educativa utilizando la lengua de señas mexicana para mejorar desarrollo coordinativo motor en niños con discapacidad auditiva

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física adaptado utilizando la lengua de señas mexicana en niños con discapacidad auditiva sobre el desarrollo coordinativo motor. Materiales y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue cuasi experimental, con muestreo por conveniencia; participando 22 estudiantes (edad 10 ± 1.8 años), diagnosticados con discapacidad auditiva, de dos escuelas de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California (México). Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (n=11) y un grupo control (n=11), a los cuales se les evaluó el desarrollo coordinativo motor mediante el test de coordinación corporal para niños KTK. El programa de educación física tuvo una duración de 5 meses, adaptando una programación de clases 2 veces a la semana, con una duración de 50 minutos por sesión, comunicándose con los alumnos mediante la lengua de señas mexicana y una serie de tareas para resaltar la coordinación motora. Resultados: Para comparar las variables de estudio se utilizó el test de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mixta 2 x 2, y se observó una interacción significativa entre grupo experimental y control, lo cual demostró una significancia positiva en el desarrollo coordinativo motor (p=0.01). Conclusión: La aplicación de un programa de educación física adaptado durante cinco meses puede influenciar una mejora en la coordinación motora en niños con discapacidad auditiva.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an adapted physical education program using mexican sign language in children with hearing impairment on motor coordination. Materials and methods: The design of the study was quasi-experimental, with convenience sampling, involving twenty-two children with an average age of 10 ± 1.8 years, diagnosed with hearing impairment, from two schools of the city of Mexicali, Baja California. Mexico. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 11). The motor coordination was evaluated using the KTK test (Kiphard Körperkoordinationstest für Kindergarten and Schiling, as per the German acronym), through the tests, balancing movements of backs, jumps on one foot, lateral jumps and transposition on a platform. This physical education program was achieved during 5 months, 2 times a week, 50 minutes per session and Mexican Sign Language was utilized and a series of tasks to emphasize motor coordination. Results: Analysis of Variance was applied in order to compare the study variable (ANOVA), mixed 2 x 2. A significant interaction between the two groups (experimental and control) was observed; showing a positive measuring significance in motor coordination (p=0.01). Conclusion: An adapted physical education program using the mexican sign language applied during 5 months can influence an improvement on motor coordination on hearing impaired children.

Cross-Cultural Validation of Quebec User Satisfaction with Assistive Technology 2.0 for Spanish Population (QUEST-2.0 ES).

BACKGROUND: Assistive technologies (ATs) are resources to promote the independence and participation of people with a disability. The use of standardized tools, based on outcome measures, is essential for guaranteeing high-quality rates. The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with AT-2.0 (QUEST) is a scale to assess the satisfaction of people using any AT. OBJECTIVES: To translate and culturally validate the QUEST-2.0 for the Spanish population (QUEST 2.0-ES). METHODS: A validation cross-design and descriptive study. The test-retest reliability, validity, and internal consistency of QUEST 2.0-ES were studied. It was divided into two phases: Sample 1 was formed by 26 persons; in sample 2, 30 persons participated. The conditions included neurological conditions, amputations, rare diseases, and deafness. RESULTS: Thirty-five men and 21 women participated in total. The majority of AT used were those for mobility. QUEST 2.0-ES analysis showed internal consistency values between the test (α = 0.87) and retest versions (α = 0.89). The internal consistency was high for AT (test, α = 0.83; retest, α = 0.87) and Service (test, α = 0.80; retest, α = 0.80). The temporal reliability (1-2 weeks) for test-retest was 0.88. CONCLUSION: QUEST 2.0-ES showed good psychometric properties in terms of validity and test-retest reliability, and it is a good tool to assess the user's satisfaction with ATs and services.

Influence of Coach’s Anger on Team’s Performance in Basketball / Influencia de la ira del entrenador en el rendimiento del equipo en baloncesto

Coaches exert a significant influence on team enviroment as well as on the collective performance in team sports. Based on these premises, this study aims to analyze the effects of the coaches’ anger on the basketball teams’ performance in youth players. The study sample was composed by 24 basketball matches of the semifinals and finals of the Spanish Championship of Autonomous Teams for Under-16 (U16) and under-14 (U14) male and female players during the years 2019 and 2020. Every game was video observed using an ad hoc observational instrument. A total of n=544 anger events from the coaches of all 32 teams were analysed. The results showed a higher frequency of anger in the U14 category, in female players, in teams that were losing and when the result was close. Most anger actions seem to have a negative or neutral effect on team’s performance. It is particularly negative when it is focused on the referee, who is the main cause and object of the anger. When coaches showed low intensity anger, they obtained slight improvements. The results suggest that coaches need to manage and control their emotions according to the game context.(AU)

The Effect of Teammates Support on Player’s Free-Throws Effectiveness / El efecto del soporte de compañeros de equipo en la efectividad de tiros libres del jugador

Free-throw is the only isolated and stable situation in basketball where psychological aspects can be isolated during the competition. The aim of the current study is to analyze the effectiveness of free-throws according to the number of teammates who supported (i.e., showed affection) the shooter before throwing. The study sample included 319 free-throws of men's and women's semi-finals and finals of the Spanish Under-16 and Under-14 Championship. The results showed significant differences when receiving affection in the free-throws after a foul. The significant variables are the shooter’s free-throws percentage during the game and in the first free-throw. This finding leads the author to suggest that coaches should dedicate enough time to practice the free-throw as an individual task in the training sessions, as well as encouraging teammates’ cohesion and affection when the shooter is performing a free-throw.(AU)

Efecto de un programa adaptado de educación física en niños con discapacidad auditiva sobre la coordinación motora / Effect of an Adapted Program of Physical Education in Children with Hearing Disability on Motor Coordination / Efeito de um programa de educação física adaptado em crianças com deficiência auditiva na coordenação motora

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física adaptado en escolares con discapacidad auditiva sobre el cociente motor. Método: el diseño del estudio fue cuasiexperimental, con muestreo por conveniencia, participando treinta y ocho niños con una edad promedio de 7.4±0.9 años, diagnosticados con debilidad o pérdida auditiva, de dos escuelas de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California. México. Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (n=23) y otro control (n=15), a los cuales se les evaluó el cociente motor mediante el test de coordinación corporal para niños KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder de Kiphard y Schiling), por sus siglas en alemán, mediante las pruebas: desplazamientos en equilibrio de espaldas, saltos monopódales, saltos laterales y transposición sobre plataforma. El programa se realizó durante 4 meses, 5 veces por semana, con una duración de 50 minutos por sesión, comunicándose con los alumnos mediante el lenguaje de señas mexicano y realizando una serie de tareas que enfatizaran la coordinación motora. Resultados: al comparar los resultados entre grupos de la variable cociente motor, con el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mixtas 2 x 2 se observó una interacción doblemente significativa entre los grupos y las mediciones (p = 0.01), los porcentajes de cambio (Δ %) fueron 26 % del grupo experimental y 6.5 %. del grupo control (Δ %). Conclusión: se establece que la aplicación de un programa de educación física adaptado durante cuatro meses, mejora la coordinación motora en niños con discapacidad auditiva.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effect of an adapted physical education program on students with hearing impairment on the motor quotient. Method: The design of the study was quasi-experimental, with convenience sampling, involving thirty-eight children with an average age of 7.4 ± 0.9 years, diagnosed with weakness or hearing loss, from two schools of the city of Mexicali, Baja California. Mexico. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 23) and a control group (n = 15). The motor quotient was evaluated using the KTK children's body coordination test (Kiphard Körperkoordinationstest für Kindergarten and Schiling, as per the German acronym), through the tests, balancing movements of backs, jumps on one foot, lateral jumps and transposition on a platform. The program was carried out for four months, five times a week, with a duration of 50 minutes per session. The communication with the students was through the Mexican sign language, and the tasks performed emphasized motor coordination. Results: When comparing the results between groups of the motor quotient variable, with the mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2 x 2, a doubly significant interaction between the groups and the measurements was observed (p = 0.01); the percentages of change (Δ %) were 26% for the experimental group, and 6.5% for the control group (Δ%). Conclusion: It is established that the application of a physical education program adapted for four months improves the motor coordination in children with hearing disabilities.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de educação física adaptado a crianças em idade escolar com deficiência auditiva no quociente motor. Métodos: O desenho do estudo foi quase-experimental, com amostragem por conveniência, envolvendo trinta e oito crianças com idade média de 7,4±0,9 anos, com diagnóstico de fraqueza ou perda auditiva, de duas escolas da cidade de Mexicali, Baja California. México. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo experimental (n=23) e um grupo controle (n=15), para os quais o quociente motor foi avaliado pelo teste de coordenação corporal de crianças KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder de Kiphard y Schiling), pela sigla alemã, por meio de testes, movimentos em contrapeso, saltos monopedais, saltos laterais e transposição em plataforma. O programa foi realizado durante 4 meses, 5 vezes por semana, com duração de 50 minutos por sessão, comunicando-se com os alunos através da linguagem de sinais mexicana e realizando uma série de tarefas que enfatizavam a coordenação motora. Resultados: Ao comparar os resultados entre os grupos da variável quociente motor, com a análise de variância (ANOVA) mista 2 x 2 foi observada uma interação duplamente significativa entre os grupos e as medidas (p = 0,01), os percentuais de variação (Δ%) foram de 26% do grupo experimental e 6,5% do grupo controle (Δ%). Conclusão: Estabelece-se que a aplicação de um programa de educação física adaptado durante quatro meses melhora a coordenação motora de crianças com deficiência auditiva.

Actividad física y percepción de esfuerzo por género en educación física y recreo de escolares mexicanos / Physical activity and perception of effort by gender in physical education and recess of mexican schoolchildren / Atividade física e percepção de esforço por gênero em educação física e recreio de alunos mexicanos

Problema: evidencia científica relaciona, por género, mayor sedentarismo en niñas. Objetivo: comparar, por género, la actividad física moderada a vigorosa, la tasa de gasto energético, la frecuencia cardiaca y la percepción de esfuerzo en estudiantes de tercero y cuarto grado de primaria durante la clase de educación física y el recreo. Método: participaron 65 estudiantes (edad 8.7±0.4 años), evaluando 16 clases de educación física y recreo, utilizando como instrumentos el sistema para observar el tiempo de instrucción de actividad física, el pulsómetro polar® y la tabla de clasificación gráfica de esfuerzo para niños. Resultados: el test t-Student reportó diferencias significativas en educación física con mayores promedios en niños que en niñas, de actividad física moderada a vigorosa (0.001), tasa de gasto energético (0.002) y frecuencia cardiaca (0.005). Conclusión: con base en los resultados, se concluye que la intensidad de la actividad física es mayor en los niños; es importante retroalimentar la manera de impartir la clase de educación física, con estrategias didácticas y contenidos que, equitativamente, involucren a las niñas en actividad física.

Problem: Scientific evidence related to gender indicates a greater sedentary lifestyle in girls. Objective: To compare moderate and high physical activity by gender, energy expenditure rate, heart rate and the effort perception among students in third and fourth grade in elementary school during physical education class and recess. Method: 65 students participated (age 8.7 ± 0.4) evaluating 16 physical education classes and recess using as instruments the system to observe the physical activity instruction time, polar heart rate monitor® and the graphical effort classification table for children. Results: The t-Student test reported significant differences in physical education with higher averages in boys than girls with moderate to high intensity physical activity (0.001), energy expenditure rate (0.002) and heart rate (0.005). Conclusion: Considering the results, the study concludes that the intensity of physical activity is greater in boys, therefore it is important to provide feedback on how to improve physical education classes, with didactic strategies and contents that involve girls equally in physical activity.

Problema: Evidência científica relacionada ao gênero mais sedentária em meninas. Objetivo: comparar por gênero atividade física moderada a vigorosa, taxa de gasto energético, freqüência cardíaca e percepção de esforço em estudantes de terceira e quarta série durante a educação física e recreio. Método: 65 alunos (idade 8,7 ± 0,4 anos) participaram, avaliando 16 classes de educação física e recreação usando como instrumentos o sistema para observar o tempo de instrução da atividade física, medidor de pulso polar® e a tabela de classificação gráfica de esforço para crianças. Resultados: O teste t-Student relatou diferenças significativas na educação física com médias mais altas em homens do que mulheres com atividade física moderada a vigorosa (0,001), taxa de gasto de energia (0,002) e frequência cardíaca (0,005). Conclusão: Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a intensidade da atividade física é maior em meninos, é importante fornecer feedback sobre como ensinar a aula de educação física com estratégias didáticas e conteúdo que envolvem equitativamente as meninas na atividade física.

Evaluation of an intervention program for the initiation to basketball aimed at teaching the game's rules / Evaluación de un programa de intervención de iniciación al baloncesto a través de la enseñanza de las reglas

The rules of a game determine the technical and tactical skills necessary for the game, such as in basketball. An intervention program was designed that aimed to teach the rules that were considered to be the most important for the initiation to basketball and to teach the players the technical and tactical skills from these rules. The objective of the present study was to develop and assess an intervention program based on the coach´s perceptions of the program. The study´s sample was a mini-basketball team of 14 players and the team´s coach. The program lasted 8 months and had three weekly practice sessions. The instruments utilized for data collection were the daily training reflections, action research cycles, and the audio recordings. The data were analyzed qualitatively. The coding was done by the research team, and after several trial sessions, a Kappa index of K=.78 was achieved, which assured inter-coder reliability. Among the results, it should be highlighted that the rules were the backbone of the program. As the program progressed, the players better understood their use. Likewise, they understood the relationship between the technical and tactical skills and the rules, fostering their involvement in the learning process and their familiarization with the game. In conclusion, the experience of teaching basketball initiation through familiarizing players with the rules was positive due to the cognitive involvement of the players in the learning process

Las reglas condicionan los aspectos técnicos y tácticos del juego, como el baloncesto. Se diseñó un programa de intervención basado en la enseñanza de las reglas consideradas más importantes para la iniciación y, a partir de éstas, el aprendizaje de los medios técnicos y tácticos. El objetivo del presente trabajo se centró en el desarrollo y evaluación del programa de intervención a través de la percepción de la entrenadora. La muestra del estudio fue un equipo de 14 jugadores de minibasket y su entrenadora. El programa duró 8 meses con tres entrenamientos semanales. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recogida de datos han sido los Diarios de entrenamiento, Ciclos de Supervisión y Ciclos de Audio. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente. La codificación fue realizada por el equipo de investigación y tras varios entrenamientos se alcanzó un índice Kappa de K=.78, lo que garantizó la fiabilidad inter-codificadores. Entre los resultados, se destaca que las reglas pueden suponer el eje vertebrador de la programación. A medida que avanzó el programa, los jugadores fueron entendiendo su utilidad. Asimismo, comprendieron la relación entre los aspectos técnico-tácticos y las reglas fomentando su implicación en el proceso de aprendizaje y la familiarización con el juego. A modo de conclusión, la experiencia de enseñar la iniciación al baloncesto a través de las reglas ha sido positiva por la implicación cognitiva de los jugadores en el proceso de aprendizaje

Influencia del contexto deportivo en la formación de los futbolistas de la selección española de fútbol / Influence os sport context on training elite soccer players

Este estudio pretende conocer qué influencia tiene el contexto deportivo y sus aspectos más relevantes en la formación del futbolista de élite, y la manera más eficaz de controlarlo para conseguir alcanzar el éxito deportivo. Para ello, se ha contado con la opinión de once futbolistas de élite internacionales, y de los coordinadores, preparadores físicos, psicólogos y médicos del fútbol base de las siete canteras más importantes de España. Los datos se han obtenido a través de una metodología cualitativa con la entrevista como instrumento de medida. El contexto deportivo es una de las dimensiones más influyentes en la formación del jugador de fútbol. La formación deportiva en una cantera adecuada es clave en la consecución del éxito deportivo, en donde el entrenador es su máximo exponente. Las oportunidades, que éste les brinda a sus jugadores, así como la formación integral que les da a los mismos, hacen que los jugadores con talentos consigan el éxito. Este desarrollo del individuo está marcado por la coordinación de todos los integrantes del fútbol base, el psicólogo, el médico, el preparador físico y el coordinador (AU)

This study seeks to determine the influence that sport context and its most important aspects have on the training process of elite soccer players, and the most effective way to control it to achieve sport success. Thus, this research took into account the view of eleven international elite players and directors of academies, fitness coaches, psychologists and sport doctors in the seven main soccer academies in Spain. Data were obtained through a qualitative methodology with the interview as an instrument of measurement. Sport context is one of the most influential dimensions in the training process of a soccer player. Sport training in a good soccer academy is key in achieving sport success, where the coach is its greatest exponent. The opportunities coaches provide their players as well as the comprehensive training they give them mean that talented players achieve success. Individual development is marked by the coordination of all the members of the soccer academy: psychologist, doctor, fitness coach and director (AU)