Dynamic reflective color pixels based on molybdenum oxide.

Active materials which show phase transitions, usually known as Phase Change Materials (PCM), have paved the way to a new generation of reconfigurable plasmonic platforms. Tunable color devices have experienced a great development in the recent years. In particular, reflective color filters can take advantage from sunlight to select and reflect a specific resonant wavelength in the visible spectrum range. Reflective displays are usually structural color filters based on asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavities (AFPCs). For a fixed geometry, most of AFPCs filters generate static color, limiting their potential as tunable color devices. Dynamic color is achieved by introducing an active layer whose optical properties can be modulated by an external stimuli. In this paper, we propose AFPCs based on molybdenum oxide (MoOx, 2

Mental health consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. A longitudinal study of the alarm situation and return to the new normality.

AIMS: The objective is to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the effects of the pandemic and alarm situation on the mental health of the general population at three points in time: two weeks after beginning the confinement, after a month, and after two months, when the lockdown was lifted and the country returned to the new normality. METHODS: The evaluations were carried out by means of an online survey, with a sample of 3480 persons in the first data collection and 1041 and 569 persons in the successive evaluation periods. The presence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated by means of screening tests. Sociodemographic data, Covid-19 variables, loneliness, psychological well-being, social support, discrimination and a sense of belonging, were collected. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms increased significantly throughout the confinement, decreasing at the last assessment but not dropping to previous levels. In anxiety, there are no significant changes between the three evaluations, but a downward trend can be seen over time. Regarding the symptomatology of PTSD, a downward trend is observed throughout the three evaluations, with significantly lower scores between the first and third assessments. The different regression models developed reveal the importance of perceived loneliness and spiritual well-being as the main predictors of mental health, as well as the importance of the lower age for depression and the female gender for anxiety and PSTD. CONCLUSIONS: This research shows that the pandemic has had a negative impact on our mental health, which still does not seem to be at pre-crisis levels, although it has improved as the emergency situation subsides. These results underline the importance of paying greater attention to mental health, and reveal key variables such as spiritual well-being and perceived loneliness in which to intervene from different care services, as well as younger people and women as vulnerable groups on which to focus more attention.

The usefulness of Olanzapine plasma concentrations in monitoring treatment efficacy and metabolic disturbances in first-episode psychosis.

INTRODUCTION: The role of Olanzapine therapeutic drug monitoring is controversial. The present study explores the associations of Olanzapine plasma concentrations with clinical response and metabolic side effects in first episode psychosis (FEP) after 2 months of treatment. METHODS: Forty-seven patients were included. Improvement in clinical symptomatology was assessed using the PANSS. Metabolic assessment included weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. RESULTS: The Olanzapine plasma concentrations after 2 months of treatment were positively correlated with weight gain (r = 0.49, p = 0.003), and a concentration > 23.28 ng/mL was identified as a positive predictor of weight gain (≥ 7%). The Olanzapine concentration to dose (C/D) ratio was positively correlated with the percentage of improvement in the total PANSS (r = 0.46, p = 0.004), and a C/D ratio > 2.12 was identified as a positive predictor of a good response (percentage of improvement > 30%) after 2 months of treatment. We also identified several factors that could alter Olanzapine pharmacokinetics: gender (p = 0.03), diagnosis (p = 0.05), smoking habit (p = 0.05), and co-medications such as valproic acid (p = 0.05) and anxiolytics (p = 0.01). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, our results suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring of Olanzapine could be helpful to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and metabolic dysfunction in FEP patients treated with Olanzapine.

SuperCam Calibration Targets: Design and Development.

SuperCam is a highly integrated remote-sensing instrumental suite for NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It consists of a co-aligned combination of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy (VISIR), together with sound recording (MIC) and high-magnification imaging techniques (RMI). They provide information on the mineralogy, geochemistry and mineral context around the Perseverance Rover. The calibration of this complex suite is a major challenge. Not only does each technique require its own standards or references, their combination also introduces new requirements to obtain optimal scientific output. Elemental composition, molecular vibrational features, fluorescence, morphology and texture provide a full picture of the sample with spectral information that needs to be co-aligned, correlated, and individually calibrated. The resulting hardware includes different kinds of targets, each one covering different needs of the instrument. Standards for imaging calibration, geological samples for mineral identification and chemometric calculations or spectral references to calibrate and evaluate the health of the instrument, are all included in the SuperCam Calibration Target (SCCT). The system also includes a specifically designed assembly in which the samples are mounted. This hardware allows the targets to survive the harsh environmental conditions of the launch, cruise, landing and operation on Mars during the whole mission. Here we summarize the design, development, integration, verification and functional testing of the SCCT. This work includes some key results obtained to verify the scientific outcome of the SuperCam system.

Search for Nova Presolar Grains: γ-Ray Spectroscopy of

The discovery of presolar grains in primitive meteorites has initiated a new era of research in the study of stellar nucleosynthesis. However, the accurate classification of presolar grains as being of specific stellar origins is particularly challenging. Recently, it has been suggested that sulfur isotopic abundances may hold the key to definitively identifying presolar grains with being of nova origins and, in this regard, the astrophysical ^{33}Cl(p,γ)^{34}Ar reaction is expected to play a decisive role. As such, we have performed a detailed γ-ray spectroscopy study of ^{34}Ar. Excitation energies have been measured with high precision and spin-parity assignments for resonant states, located above the proton threshold in ^{34}Ar, have been made for the first time. Uncertainties in the ^{33}Cl(p,γ) reaction have been dramatically reduced and the results indicate that a newly identified ℓ=0 resonance at E_{r}=396.9(13) keV dominates the entire rate for T=0.25-0.40 GK. Furthermore, nova hydrodynamic simulations based on the present work indicate an ejected ^{32}S/^{33}S abundance ratio distinctive from type-II supernovae and potentially compatible with recent measurements of a presolar grain.

Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain.

In this retrospective study, we describe the relative occurrence of clinical myxomatosis, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), on 1714 commercial farms visited in Spain, between 1988 and 2018. We determined the annual prevalence based on 817 visits to 394 farms affected by myxomatosis. Myxomatosis was more prevalent from August to March, being lowest in June (3%) and highest in September (8.9%). With regard to RHD, we assessed 253 visits to 156 affected farms. We analyzed mean annual and monthly incidence. Two important RHD epidemics occurred; the first in 1988-1989 due to RHDV GI.1 (also known as RHDV), and the second from 2011 to 2013 due to RHDV GI.2 (RHDV2 or RHDVb). These epidemics occurred at times when effective vaccination had not been carried out. Relative monthly incidence in 2011-2018 was higher from April to August (p < 0.001). The results we obtained from 1404 necropsies on 102 farms did not clearly relate serosanguinous nasal discharge in rabbits with disease caused by GI.2 infection. We also assessed vaccination schedules used on 200 doe farms visited from the end of 2014 to 2018; 95.5% vaccinated against myxomatosis and 97.5% against RHD. Both diseases remain prevalent; however, effective vaccination has produced a steady decline in myxomatosis and RHDV GI.1 and GI.2 on-farm detection. The maintenance of high hygienic standards will be needed to continue and improve this control. However, further studies are required to investigate the causes of sustained virus presence and vaccine breaks.

Physically meaningful Monte Carlo approach to the four-flux solution of a dense multilayered system.

Due to the complexity of the radiative transfer equation, light transport problems are commonly solved using either models under restrictive assumptions, e.g., N-flux models where infinite lateral extension is assumed, or numerical methods. While the latter can be applied to more general cases, it is difficult to relate their parameters to the physical properties of the systems under study. Hence in this contribution we present, first, a review of a four-flux formalism to study the light transport problem in a plane-parallel system together with a derivation of equations to evaluate the different contributions to the total absorptance and, second, as a complementary tool, a Monte Carlo algorithm with a direct correspondence between its inputs and the properties of the system. The combination of the four-flux model and the Monte Carlo approach provides (i) all convergence warranties since the formalism has been established as a limit and (ii) new added capabilities, i.e., both temporal (transient states) and spatial (arbitrarily inhomogeneous media) resolution. The support between the theoretical model and the numerical tool is reciprocal since the model is utilized to set a Monte Carlo discretization criterion, while the Monte Carlo approach is used to validate the aforementioned model. This reinforces the parallel approach used in this work. Furthermore, we provide some examples to show its capabilities and potential, e.g., the study of the temporal distribution of a delta-like pulse of light.

Raman spectroscopy for wine analyses: A comparison with near and mid infrared spectroscopy.

Routine wine analysis are commonly employed to ensure the quality and safety standards, and to meet consumers' demands and legal requirements. In the last decades, efforts have been done in order to replace the traditional analytical techniques by vibrational spectroscopic techniques such as near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. The potential of these techniques has already been proved by several studies that revealed their ability for the determination of several wine parameters with high levels of precision and accuracy. Raman spectroscopy, (which is also a vibrational technique), was much less explored in the wine industry. In this work, the ability of Raman spectroscopy for routine wine analysis was evaluated and compared to NIR and MIR spectroscopy. Several calibration models were developed aiming the quantitative assessment of alcoholic strength, density, total acidity, volatile acidity, total sugars and pH in white wines. For this purpose, partial least squares (PLS) regression was employed, enabling the correlation between reference results and spectral information obtained by NIR, MIR and Raman spectroscopy. Results revealed the better performance of MIR spectroscopy for the measurement of alcoholic strength (R2P = 0.99, RMSEP=1.77%, and RER=56.41), and total acidity (R2P = 0.98, RMSEP=2.02%, and RER=49.46). Raman spectroscopy was pointed out as the most suitable for the determination of total sugars (R2P = 0.97, RMSEP=5.12%, RER=19.52), and pH (R2P = 0.90, RMSEP=4.92%, RER=20.34). The three techniques presented similar results in what referred the assessment of density (R2P = 0.96, 0.98, and 0.97, RMSEP=4.72%, 3.90%, and 3.80%, for Raman, MIR, and NIR respectively). None of the three techniques seemed to be suitable for the accurate determination of volatile acidity (R2P <0.78, RMSEP>14.32%, and RER<6.98).

Merging vibrational spectroscopic data for wine classification according to the geographic origin.

The wine making procedure is no longer a secret and it is nowadays well described and repeated around the world. Nevertheless, wines present unique features, strongly associated with their geographic origin. Classification systems were developed to catalogue wines according to the provenance, and are currently established by official authorities in order to ensure wine authenticity. The use of near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR) and Raman spectroscopy for tracing the origin of wine samples, has been reported with different levels of success. This work evaluated and compared the performance of these techniques, as well as their joint use, in terms of geographic origin classification. NIR, MIR and Raman spectra of wine samples belonging to four Portuguese wine regions (Vinhos Verdes, Lisboa, Açores and Távora-Varosa) were analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results revealed the better suitability of MIR spectroscopy (87.7% of correct predictions) over NIR (60.4%) and Raman (60.8%). The joint use of spectral sets did not improve the predictive ability of the models. The best models were achieved by combining MIR and NIR spectra resulting in 86.7% of correct predictions. Multiblock partial least squares (MB-PLS) models were developed to further explore the combination of spectral data. Although these models did not improve the percentage of correct predictions, they demonstrated the higher contribution of MIR spectroscopic data, in the development of the models.

Recovering functional independence after a stroke through Modified Constraint-Induced Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Population ageing and changes in the epidemiological profile of neurological pathologies has resulted in an increase in patients with disabilities. Rehabilitation strategies such as Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMTm) play a key role in treating patients with neurologic deficiencies and motor impairments. This intervention is intended to mitigate disability, promote maximum functional independence, and optimize social and economic participation of patients with upper extremity weakness. Our goal was to assess the recovery of functional independence in patients after a stroke using to CIMTm. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Thirty-six subjects who had suffered stroke took part in a randomised clinical trial. The treatment was applied through either collective or individual modalities for three hours per day for a period of ten days. Participant's functional independence was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale at the before and after of the intervention. RESULTS: An analysis of covariance carried out on the pre-test assessments indicates that the dependent variable presents significant differences (F1.31 = 42.78, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.72) in favour of the collective intervention modality. CONCLUSION: Both modalities of CIMTm intervention promote functional independence. However, the greatest improvements were observed in participants in the collective modality. Improvements in functional independence pursue a reduction in learned non-use behaviours through greater use of the paretic upper extremity in everyday activities.

Extension of the Kubelka-Munk theory to an arbitrary substrate: a Monte Carlo approach.

In this work we review and-to some extent-upgrade one of the main theories of light flux through homogeneous isotropic media, namely, the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory, and in particular the later expansion made by Kubelka to obtain the reflectance of a specimen when a substrate lies underneath. We have completed this solution by calculating the transverse energy density in the specimen and the transmission of the whole. We show that this last result-compatible with Kubelka's upgrade for layered media-also allows for the calculation of the specimen/substrate absorption split. In order to validate these expressions, the results were reproduced by means of a Monte Carlo simulation working on a layered medium under the same assumptions as the K-M theory. Interestingly, the numerical procedure introduces new capabilities in the model regarding the history of any absorbed or outgoing elemental light beam, such as the recording of its time-of-flight through a given system.

Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) in monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra) and crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus and C. acutus-C. moreletti hybrids) in Mexico.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic viral pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes (vectors) and birds (natural hosts) with equids, humans, and other vertebrates acting as dead-end hosts. WNV activity in Mexico has been reported in several domestic and wild fauna and in humans, and the virus has been isolated from birds, mosquitoes, and humans. However, no serological studies have been conducted in monkeys, and only two in a limited number of crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii). Here we present data on the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against WNV in 53 healthy wild monkeys (49 Ateles geoffroyi and four Alouatta pigra), and 80 semi-captive healthy crocodiles (60 C. acutus and 20 C. acutus-C. moreletti hybrids) sampled during 2012. None of the monkey sera neutralized WNV, whereas 55% of the crocodile sera presented neutralizing antibodies against WNV. These results can contribute to the design of surveillance programmes in Mexico.

Experimental North American West Nile Virus Infection in the Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa).

After the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America, bird mortalities associated with West Nile disease have dramatically increased in this continent and, to a lesser extent, in Europe. The different West Nile disease incidence in birds in these 2 continents demands an explanation, and experimental studies can provide important information. The authors inoculated thirteen 9-week-old red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) with 10(7)plaque-forming units of a WNV strain isolated in New York in 1999. The objective was to study the pathogenesis of the infection in a native Euro-Mediterranean bird species with a WNV strain known to be highly pathogenic for numerous native American bird species. Additionally, the authors evaluated the dynamics of inflammatory cell activation and recruitment into the brain. WNV was detected in tissues 3 days postinoculation (dpi), and the birds developed macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Two partridges succumbed to the disease. The most affected tissues were the heart, brain, and spinal cord. The main microscopic findings were the presence of mononuclear infiltrates in the heart and brain, gliosis, and degeneration and necrosis of cardiomyocytes and neurons. These lesions were aggravated in the birds that died or were euthanized 7 dpi or later. In the brain, there was an upregulation of microglial cells and astrocytes and an increase in the number of T cells, especially after 7 dpi. These results show that this WNV strain is of moderate virulence for the red-legged partridge and that WNV-infected red-legged partridges develop an immune cell response in the brain similar to that of mammals.

Enhanced Magneto-Optical Edge Excitation in Nanoscale Magnetic Disks.

We report unexpected enhancements of the magneto-optical effect in ferromagnetic Permalloy disks of diameter D<400 nm. The effect becomes increasingly pronounced for smaller D, reaching more than a 100% enhancement for D=100 nm samples. By means of experiments and simulations, the origin of this effect is identified as a nanoscale ring-shaped region at the disk edges, in which the magneto-optically induced electric polarization is enhanced. This leads to a modification of the electromagnetic near fields and causes the enhanced magneto-optical excitation, independent from any optical resonance.

A simple and sensitive vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of haloanisoles and halophenols in wines.

A vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) method was developed and optimised for the determination of the main compounds that can cause cork taint in wines, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) and pentachloroanisole (PCA); and their corresponding halophenolic precursors. Target compounds were determined by gas chromatography combined with a micro-electron capture detector (GC-µECD) system. Halophenol extraction and derivatisation processes were performed at the same time. To optimise the VALLME method, the extraction solvent was selected. Then, the other parameters of influence, such as volume of extraction solvent and derivatisation agent, salt addition and vortex time were optimised using a central composite design combined with desirability functions. Once the optimal conditions had been determined, the method was validated, showing satisfactory linearity (with correlation coefficients over 0.983), repeatability (below 10.0%) and reproducibility (below 11.2%). Detection limits obtained were lower than the olfactory threshold of the studied compounds, being similar or even lower than previously reported with the advantage of reducing the extraction time. The analysis of real wine samples demonstrated the applicability of the method. To our knowledge, this is the first time that VALLME has been applied for the simultaneous determination of haloanisoles and halophenols in wine.

Modulation of the phenolic composition and colour of red wines subjected to accelerated ageing by controlling process variables.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the main factors conditioning accelerated ageing processes (oxygen dose, chip dose, wood origin, toasting degree and maceration time) on the phenolic and chromatic profiles of red wines by using a multivariate strategy based on experimental design methodology. The results obtained revealed that the concentrations of monomeric anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols could be modified through the application of particular experimental conditions. This fact was particularly remarkable since changes in phenolic profile were closely linked to changes observed in chromatic parameters. The main strength of this study lies in the possibility of using its conclusions as a basis to make wines with specific colour properties based on quality criteria. To our knowledge, the influence of such a large number of alternative ageing parameters on wine phenolic composition and chromatic attributes has not been studied previously using a comprehensive experimental design methodology.

Influence of pollutants in the magneto-dielectric response of silicon nanoparticles.

The influence of the degree of purity of a silicon nanoparticle on its resonances, either electric or magnetic, is assessed by using Mie theory as well as finite-element simulations. In particular, it is shown that the main effect of the increase of absorption due to the pollutants is observed in the magnetic resonances. Concerning Kerker's conditions for the directionality of the scattering [J. Opt. Soc. Am.73, 765 (1983)], it is found that both are strongly shifted when the material's purity is varied. Resistive losses confirm the quenching of magnetic resonances, showing that the region of influence in the magnetic dipole resonance is much larger than in the electric one, although it has been found that losses are not critical for silicon content over 99.50%.

Oculopathologic findings in flavivirus-infected gallinaceous birds.

Using eye samples of nine 9-week-old experimentally West Nile virus (WNV)-infected red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), time course of lesions and WNV antigen appearance in ocular structures were examined. In addition, eye samples of 6 red-legged partridges and 3 common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) naturally infected with Bagaza virus (BAGV) were used to study lesions and flavivirus antigen distribution in relation to apparent blindness in the former. The rapid onset of microscopic lesions and early presence of viral antigen in the eye of experimentally WNV-infected partridges, prior to the central nervous system involvement, suggested hematogenous spread of the virus into the eye. BAGV-infected partridges had a more pronunced inflammatory reaction and more widespread flavivirus antigen distribution in the retina compared with pheasants and experimentally fatally WNV-infected partridges. Our results suggest that flavivirus replication and development of lesions in ocular structures of gallinaceous game birds vary with the specific virus and host species involved.

Experimental design approach to evaluate the impact of oak chips and micro-oxygenation on the volatile profile of red wines.

A chemometric strategy based on combining an experimental design approach and response surface methodology was applied to gain further knowledge on the influence of chip maceration and micro-oxygenation related factors (oxygen doses, chip doses, wood origin, toasting degree and maceration time) on the volatile profile of red wines during the accelerated ageing process. The results obtained indicated that the volatile profile of wines could be modulated by applying different combinations of factor conditions. Thus, these results would be used to obtain wines with specific volatile profiles that would lead to particular olfactory attributes according to consumers' preferences. Moreover, it was shown that combining wood from different origins helped enhance the quality of the elaborated wines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an experimental design methodology has been applied to simultaneously evaluate the influence of five different ageing parameters on the volatile profile of red wines.