Prevalencia de las maloclusiones según la clasificación de Angle en una población universitaria / Prevalence of maloclusions according to angle's classification in a university population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de maloclusiones dentales es elevada, según los diversos estudios epidemiológicos realizados. Por ello llevamos a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal con 87 modelos de estudio de ortodoncia de estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad San Pablo-CEU, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de maloclusiones en este colectivo, según la Clasificación de Angle. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron las maloclusiones presentes por género y en función de si los estudiantes habían llevado tratamientos de ortodoncia previos o no, además se diferenció el grupo de alumnos Nacional del Internacional. Para obtener los resultados de nuestra investigación se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente por medio del programa IBM/SPSS Statistics versión 24, aplicando las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y el Test exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS: La distribución de la muestra fue un 77% de mujeres frente a un 23% de hombres. De ellos, el 71,3% habían sido tratados previamente con ortodoncia, el 28,7% no habían recibido tratamientos previos de ortodoncia. Además, el 67,8% pertenecían al grupo Nacional y el 32,2% al Internacional. Tanto la Clase Canina como la Molar más prevalente fue la Clase I, seguida de la Clase II y, por último, la Clase III de Angle. CONCLUSIONES: Se puede concluir que la Clase I es la oclusión de Angle más prevalente, a la que le siguen la Clase II y, en último lugar, la Clase III

INTRODUCTION: According to the various epidemiological studies conducted, the prevalence of dental malocclusions is high. Therefore, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with 87 orthodontic study models on students of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad San Pablo-CEU, with the aim of determining the prevalence of malocclusions in this group, according to Angle's Classification. METHODS: The malocclusions present were studied by gender and according to whether or not the students had undergone previous orthodontic treatment. Furthermore, the group of National students was differentiated from the group of International students. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied in order to obtain the results of our research. The data were statistically analysed using the IBM/SPSS Statistics version 24 program, applying Chi-Square Tests and Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS: The sample distribution was 77% female versus 23% male. Of these, 71.3% had previously received orthodontic treatment, while 27% had not previously received orthodontic treatment. In addition, 67.8% belonged to the National group and 32.2% to the International group. Both the most prevalent Canine and Molar Class was Angle's Class 1, followed by Class II and, finally, Class III. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that Class I is the most prevalent Angle's malocclusion, followed by Class II and, lastly, Class III

Modificación de la normativa nacional sobre ética de la investigación en seres humanos. Decreto 158/19 del 3 de junio de 2019

El decreto 158/19 introdujo numerosas modificaciones a la normativa nacional sobre ética de la investigación que involucra seres humanos. Al estar estos cambios contenidos dentro de un decreto que retiene una gran parte del texto del decreto 379/08, es fácil que al menos algunos de ellos pasen desapercibidos para los lectores no directamente involucrados en investigación con seres humanos. Su conocimiento es importante porque incluye no solo modificaciones en la operación de los comités de ética en investigación institucionales y la Comisión Nacional de Ética en Investigación, sino también afirmaciones conceptuales importantes en los puntos relativos a la oportunidad del uso de placebo, el consentimiento informado en estudios epidemiológicos y los requisitos a las investigaciones conducidas desde el exterior.

Summary: Decree 158/019 introduced several amendments to the national law on ethical issues in research involving human subjects. Given the fact that these amendments are included in a decree that keeps most of the text of Decree 379/08, it may happen that at least some of them are not noticed by readers who are not directly involved in research involving human subjects. Learning about the above mentioned amendments is important since it includes modifications in the operation of ethical committees on institutional research and the National Ethics Commission, and also significant affirmations in connection with concepts that have to do with the timely use of placebo, informed consent in epidemiological studies and requirements for research conducted from abroad.

O Decreto 158/2019 introduziu numerosas modificações à normativa nacional sobre ética na pesquisa com seres humanos. Como as mudanças estão incluídas em um decreto que mantém grande parte do texto do Decreto 379/08, é fácil que pelo menos alguns deles não sejam notados pelos leitores que não estão diretamente relacionados com a pesquisa em seres humanos. É importante conhecê-lo porque, além de modificações na forma de trabalhar dos comitês de ética em pesquisas institucionais e da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa, inclui afirmações conceituais importantes nos pontos relativos à oportunidade do uso de placebo, do consentimento informado em estudos epidemiológicos e os requisitos das pesquisas realizadas desde o exterior.

[Public financing of health research in five Latin American countries]. / Financiamiento público de la investigación en salud en cinco países de América Latina.

OBJECTIVES: Describe the public subsystems of the national health research systems (SNIS) in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay), emphasizing the types of institutional arrangements in place in each country to promote, develop, and sustain their SNIS, as well as explicit or implicit mechanisms for prioritizing health research projects. METHODS: The bodies responsible for managing the public resources allocated to finance health research projects in the five countries studied were identified. The types of projects financed were then analyzed-using a matrix constructed by area and object of study-, certain characteristics of the principal investigators, and the sums allocated between 2002 and 2006. RESULTS: Only the countries with greater resources or better developed networks of investigators have formal structures for allocating funds with regular calls for proposals and fixed rules. None of them has explicit comprehensive mechanisms for prioritizing health research. Moreover, the health research priorities in the countries vary widely. In this regard, it is significant that problems such as "nutrition and the environment" or "violence and accidents" receive little attention in most countries. The same holds true for a number of public health issues in some countries. In contrast, the research in the "hard sciences" absorbs up to one-third of the total resources for research. CONCLUSIONS: Many questions arise about the ability of these countries to adapt and generate new knowledge, as well as the nearly nonexistent research on social, economic, and cultural determinants, or on health services and systems that have a high impact on groups with limited access to health care. Explicit priorities should be set with stakeholders for the health research agenda, and mechanisms should be adopted for monitoring and following up health research financing by subject and area of study.

Financiamiento público de la investigación en salud en cinco países de América Latina / Public financing of health research in five Latin American countries

OBJETIVOS: Describir los subsistemas públicos de los Sistemas Nacionales de Investigación en Salud (SNIS) en cinco países de América Latina (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay), con énfasis en los tipos de arreglos institucionales que se observan en cada país para promover, desarrollar y sostener sus SNIS, así como en los mecanismos explícitos o implícitos de priorización de proyectos de investigación en salud. MÉTODOS: Se identificó a los organismos responsables de manejar los recursos públicos destinados a financiar proyectos de investigación en salud en los cinco países estudiados. Luego se analizaron los tipos de proyectos que fueron financiados -utilizando una matriz por área y objeto de estudio-, ciertas características de los investigadores principales y los montos asignados entre 2002 y 2006. RESULTADOS: Solamente los países con mayores recursos o con redes de investigadores más desarrolladas poseen estructuras formales de asignación de fondos, con convocatorias periódicas y reglas estables, y ninguno cuenta con mecanismos explícitos e integrales de priorización para la investigación en salud. A su vez, las prioridades de investigación en salud presentan diferencias importantes entre países. En este sentido, es notorio que ciertos problemas, como "nutrición y medio ambiente" o "violencia y accidentes", reciban escasa atención en la mayoría de los países, al igual que varios temas de salud pública en algunos otros. Contrariamente, la investigación referida a "ciencias básicas" absorbe hasta un tercio de los recursos totales para investigación. CONCLUSIONES: Surgen numerosos interrogantes acerca de la capacidad de estos países para adaptar y generar nuevos conocimientos, y de la casi inexistente investigación sobre condicionantes sociales, económicos y culturales o sobre servicios y sistemas de salud, de alto impacto en grupos con acceso limitado al cuidado de la salud. Es necesario establecer explícitamente las prioridades en la agenda de investigación en salud, en consenso con las partes interesadas, así como incorporar mecanismos de monitoreo y seguimiento por temas y áreas de estudio del financiamiento de la investigación en este campo.

OBJECTIVES: Describe the public subsystems of the national health research systems (SNIS) in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay), emphasizing the types of institutional arrangements in place in each country to promote, develop, and sustain their SNIS, as well as explicit or implicit mechanisms for prioritizing health research projects. METHODS: The bodies responsible for managing the public resources allocated to finance health research projects in the five countries studied were identified. The types of projects financed were then analyzed-using a matrix constructed by area and object of study-, certain characteristics of the principal investigators, and the sums allocated between 2002 and 2006. RESULTS: Only the countries with greater resources or better developed networks of investigators have formal structures for allocating funds with regular calls for proposals and fixed rules. None of them has explicit comprehensive mechanisms for prioritizing health research. Moreover, the health research priorities in the countries vary widely. In this regard, it is significant that problems such as "nutrition and the environment" or "violence and accidents" receive little attention in most countries. The same holds true for a number of public health issues in some countries. In contrast, the research in the "hard sciences" absorbs up to one-third of the total resources for research. CONCLUSIONS: Many questions arise about the ability of these countries to adapt and generate new knowledge, as well as the nearly nonexistent research on social, economic, and cultural determinants, or on health services and systems that have a high impact on groups with limited access to health care. Explicit priorities should be set with stakeholders for the health research agenda, and mechanisms should be adopted for monitoring and following up health research financing by subject and area of study.

Effects of endosulfan sublethal concentrations oncarp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758): Morphometric, hystologic, ultrastructural analysesand cholinesterase activity evaluation / Efeitos do endosulfano em concentrações subletais em carpas (Cyprinuscarpio, Linnaeus, 1758): Análises morfométricas, histológicas eultraestrutural e avaliação da atividade da colinesterase

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, has been banned by most developed countries, although it is still produced, sold and used in developing countries. Used for control in crops, as well as for insect control in public health programs in some countries, its effects on the environment and its toxicity are still in discussion. For some researchers, its bioaccumulation in terrestrial organisms is considered irrelevant but for aquatic life it should be considered carefully. The present research work was to carry out an study on the effects of sublethal concentrations of endosulfan on the fresh water fish carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758). The fishes were exposed during 15 days to 0.001 mg/L of endosulfan using dimethylsulfoxide 0.1% (DMSO) as solvent. The acetylcholinesterase activity on the brain and axial muscle, as well as liver morphometric, histopathologic and ultrastructural analysis were studied. The hepatic somatic index and the livers weight showed smaller values when compared with the control groups, besides being also observed histopathological and ultrastructural alterations. It has not been observed significant alterations in the cholinesterase activity of both brain and striated muscle. These results suggest that the organochloride endosulfan caused toxic effects in the hepatic metabolism of the fish exposed to it in sub lethal doses

Endosulfano, um pesticida organoclorado, tem sido banido pela maioria dos países desenvolvidos, embora seja ainda produzido e utilizado deliberadamente em países em desenvolvimento. Utilizado no controle de pragas, assim como no controle de insetos em Programas de Saúde Pública em alguns países, seus efeitos no meio ambiente e sua toxicidade continuam em discussão. Para alguns pesquisadores a bioacumulação nos organismos terrestres é considerada irrelevante, mas não para a vida aquática. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar os efeitos das concentrações subletais do endosulfano em peixes de água doce Cyprinus carpio, (Linnaeus, 1758). Os peixes foram expostos durante 15 dias, a uma concentração de 0,001mg/L de endosulfano utilizando o dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a 0,1% como solvente. A atividade da acetilcolinesterase do músculo axial e cerebral assim como a morfometria, histopatologia e a ultraestrutura do fígado desses peixes foram avaliadas. O índice somático hepático e o peso dos fígados mostraram valores menores quando comparados ao grupo controle, observando-se também, alterações histopatológicas e ultraestruturais. Nenhuma alteração significante na atividade da acetilcolinesterase muscular e cerebral foram observadas. Os resultados sugerem que o organoclorado endosulfano causou efeitos tóxicos no metabolismo hepático dos peixes expostos a doses subletais

[Health integration processes: challenges for MERCOSUR in the health field]. / Procesos de integración en salud: una reflexión sobre los desafíos del MERCOSUR en salud.

This paper describes the institutional background in Latin American integration in both the economy and health, and proposes a systematization of possible health integration modalities. Facilitating and inhibiting factors for integration according to each modality are identified, and their feasibility is discussed in the present context. The structure and functioning of MERCOSUR health structures (Ministerial Meeting and Sub-group 11) are briefly described, as well as the advances achieved to date, reflecting on the possible causes of uneven progress in different areas.

Procesos de integración en salud: una reflexión sobre los desafíos del MERCOSUR en salud / Health integration processes: challenges for MERCOSUR in the health field

Se describen los antecedentes institucionales de integración en América Latina, tanto económica como en salud y se propone una sistematización de las posibles modalidades de integración en salud. Se identifican factores facilitadores e inhibidores del proceso de integración según cada modalidad y se discute su viabilidad en el presente contexto. Se presenta una breve descripción de la estructura y funcionamiento de las estructuras de salud del MERCOSUR (Reunión de Ministros y Subgrupo de Trabajo 11), así como el grado de avance alcanzado hasta el presente, reflexionando sobre las posibles causas del avance desigual en las diversas áreas.

This paper describes the institutional background in Latin American integration in both the economy and health, and proposes a systematization of possible health integration modalities. Facilitating and inhibiting factors for integration according to each modality are identified, and their feasibility is discussed in the present context. The structure and functioning of MERCOSUR health structures (Ministerial Meeting and Sub-group 11) are briefly described, as well as the advances achieved to date, reflecting on the possible causes of uneven progress in different areas.