Effect of the addition of silver nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of adding silver nanoparticles on the shear bond strength, microhardness, and surface roughness of orthodontic adhesives. Material and Methods: Fifty upper premolars were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 10). Orthodontic brackets were bonded with silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-modified adhesives (1 %, 0.5 %, 0.1 %, 0.05 %), and conventional adhesive was used as a control. The shear bond strength was recorded using a universal testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Ten discs of each adhesive were subjected to the microhardness and surface roughness tests. The Vickers microhardness values were measured under a constant load of 100 g for 30 s using a microhardness tester. The samples were analyzed using a surface profilometer, and the arithmetic average roughness was used as the measurement parameter. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests. A significance level of 5 % was considered significant. Results: AgNP concentration > 0.1 % significantly reduced the shear bond strength (p < 0.05). At higher AgNP concentration, the bonding failure pattern occurred mainly at the bracket-resin interface. The Vickers microhardness increased with increasing concentration, and significant differences were observed between the group with 1 % AgNP and the other groups (p < 0.05). The average roughness values were similar between the groups with AgNP concentrations > 0.1 % (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The incorporation of AgNP into an orthodontic adhesive has the potential to decrease the shear bond strength while increasing the microhardness and surface roughness.

Raman microscopy evaluation of the preventive effect of a modified orthodontic adhesive with silver nanoparticles on the formation of white spot lesions.

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an effective antibacterial agent, and their inclusion in orthodontic adhesives has been proposed to prevent white spot lesions (WSLs). The objective of this study was to evaluate by Raman microscopy the preventive effect of an orthodontic adhesive modified with AgNPs on the formation of WSLs. Material and Methods: AgNPs were added in four concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) to an orthodontic adhesive. Metal brackets were bonded with the experimental adhesives, and the specimens were subjected to a microbial model for caries induction. The preventive effect on the formation of WSLs was evaluated by Raman microscopy, considering the intensity peak of the phosphate ion at 960 cm-1. The acquisition mode was linear scanning in the most representative lesion area, with a length of 136µm. Intensity values expressed the relative amount of phosphate ions remaining in the lesion. Microphotographs were analyzed in the Image J program to assess the depth of the lesions. Results: Significant differences were observed between all groups (P <0.05). The addition of 1% AgNPs effectively maintained the relative amount of phosphate ions close to sound enamel values. Furthermore, as the concentration of AgNPs increased, the depth of the lesions decreased. Conclusions: AgNPs were effective in decreasing the formation of WSLs. At a higher concentration of AgNPs, a more significant preventive effect on the formation of WSLs results in a relative amount of phosphate ion close to sound enamel values. Key words:White spot lesions, antibacterial, orthodontics, Raman microscopy, adhesive, Silver-nanoparticles.

Comparison of the posterior teeth angulations in orthodontic patients with different facial growth patterns.

Background: Dental relationships can be affected according to the pattern of facial growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the angulations of posterior teeth in patients with different patterns of facial growth. Material and Methods: A total of 412 lateral head radiographs were included. The facial skeletal growth pattern was evaluated with the Björk-Jarabak analysis. For the angular measurements of the posterior teeth, the apex-cusp inclination of the premolars and the long axes of the molars were considered, with respect to the occlusal, palatal and mandibular plane. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intra-examiner concordance. One way ANOVA was used to compare the values between the patterns of facial growth. A significance level was set at 0.05. Results: A high intra-examiner correlation was observed (0.75). Subjects with horizontal and normal growth presented significantly different angulations for the first and second premolars in relation to the palatal plane than the vertical growth (p<0.05). Subjects with horizontal growth pattern showed greater angulation of the teeth with respect to the occlusal plane than the other groups (p<0.05). The angulations of all mandibular teeth related to the mandibular plane were significantly higher for the group with horizontal growth (p<0.05). Conclusions: The first and second premolars presented greater angulations in subjects with horizontal and normal growth than in those with vertical growth. The angulations of all mandibular teeth were significantly higher in the horizontal growth according to the mandibular plane. Key words:Facial growth pattern, posterior tooth, occlusal plane, palatal plane, mandibular plane.

Oral Health Literacy-Measurement Instruments and their Psychometric Properties: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to provide an evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instruments of oral health literacy in adults. METHODS: An electronic search for instrument studies was performed in the PubMed, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases to find articles published up to June 2021. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) Risk of Bias checklist for systematic review. RESULTS: From an initial sample of 2617 articles, 14 instrument studies were included in the present review. Their sample sizes ranged from 177 to 1405 adults, and the number of items per measurement instrument ranged from 14 to 99. For structural validity, statistical techniques were performed using the classical test theory (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and the item response theory (dichotomous and polytomous models). The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry 30, elaborated in the USA, was the measurement instrument that had the greatest number of cultural adaptations, having been validated in such countries as Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Turkey, and Romania. The evaluation of the risk of bias, undertaken using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, showed that 6 of the 10 parameters had been evaluated. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties that were evaluated in the present systematic review were structural validity, internal consistency, reliability (test-retest), and hypothesis testing for construct validity. To date, there is no gold standard measuring instrument to evaluate the criterion validity parameter.

Multivariate analysis of the effect of staining beverages on the optical properties of two provisional restorative materials.

Background: To evaluate the effect of staining beverages on the color stability, translucency and gloss of two provisional restorative materials. Material and Methods: Sixty discs (8 mm x 2 mm) were manufactured for Duralay and Protemp 4. The discs were randomly divided according to the beverages: tea, coffee, wine, Coca-Cola and "Chicha morada" (n=12). The discs were polished and initial recordings of color and translucency were made with a spectrophotometer, and the gloss was measured with a glossmeter. The discs were immersed for 5 days in each of the beverages at 37◦C, and the color, translucency and gloss were recorded again. The differences between the initial and final records were calculated to obtain the values of ΔE, ΔTP, ΔGU. For the analysis, the two-way MANOVA model was chosen, and the significance level was set at 5%. Results: A significant interaction was observed between the type of material and the staining beverages on the changes observed in the values of ΔE, ΔTP, ΔGU (p<0.05). ΔE values for Duralay and Protemp 4 were affected by coffee (7.48±1.53) and wine (11.02±1.07), respectively. The greatest change in ΔTP for Duralay were generated by tea (-1.79±0.62), and coffee (-5.65±0.66) for Protemp 4. Gloss was affected mainly by coffee for both materials (Duralay = -6.44±1.17 , Protemp 4 = -8.28±1.09). Conclusions: The type of material and the pigment drinks act together to influence changes in color, translucency and gloss. The methacrylate-based resin was more stable than the bis-acrylic resin to changes in color, translucency and gloss. Key words:Color, translucency, gloss, staining solutions, interim restorations.

Analysis of the association between facial biotype, overbite and overjet in the permanent dentition.

Background: To determine the association between the facial biotype, the overbite and the overjet in digital lateral skull radiographs. Material and Methods: 230 digital skull lateral radiographs of patients with permanent dentition with 18 to 55 years old were used as sample. The VERT index and the Ricketts analysis were considered to identify the facial biotype, overbite and overjet. Results: The facial biotype with the highest prevalence was dolichofacial with 36.52% (n=84), being more frequent in the female sex. However, the mesofacial biotype predominated in the male sex. On the other hand, the normal overbite presented the highest percentage with 66.08% (n=152) and the deep bite was more frequent than the open bite. Regarding the overjet, the normal overjet was the most prevalent with 68.70% (n=158), followed by the decreased overjet. Differences were found between the overbite values of males with brachyfacial biotype versus mesofacial and dolichofacial (p<0.05). A strong positive correlation was observed between overbite and overjet in mesofacial biotype (Rho=0.83, sig=<0.001). The predominant vertical malocclusion in the dolichofacial biotype was open bite and deep bite in the brachyfacial biotype. Regarding the facial biotype and the overjet, a significant association was found only in the male sex (p<0.05). Conclusions: With the results obtained, it is concluded that there is an association between facial biotype, overbite and overjet. Key words:Facial biotype, overbite, ovejet.

Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú: Análisis bibliométrico decenio 2010-2019

El objetivo es realizar un análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas publicadas en la Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú durante el decenio 2010-2019. Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico retrospectivo. La población estuvo constituida por los artículos publicados en la Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú del 2010 al 2019; la muestra fue conformada por los siguientes artículos: artículos originales, artículos de revisión, reportes de casos, artículos especiales y cartas al editor. Se valoraron índices de producción, impacto y colaboración bibliométrica. Se analizaron 514 publicaciones. La producción general se contabilizó entre 46 a 76 publicaciones por año, con una media de 4,89 autores por artículo. Se encontró el factor de impacto "Scimago Journal Rank" entre 0,12 a 0,157 y un índice-h total de 8. El artículo más citado recibió 14 citas. Se diseñó una red de coautoría compuesto de 91 nodos y 11 clústeres, y una red de colaboración institucional de 16 nodos y 5 clústeres. Los indicadores de producción de artículos e impacto se encuentran con una tendencia ascendente frente a valores previos de la revista y de forma comparativa con otras publicaciones de la región, mientras que los indicadores de colaboración son incipientes aún.

The objective was to design a bibliometric analysis of the Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru's scientific publications. We conduct bibliometric retrospective research. All articles of Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru since 2010 to 2019 were considered. The sample included: original articles, review articles, case reports, special articles and letters. Production, impact and collaboration bibliometric index were assessed. 514 publications were analyzed. The total production remained in a range between 46 to 76 publications per year, with an average of 4.89 authors per article. The Impact factor Scimago Journal Rankwas between 0.12 to 0.157 and h-index of 8. The most cited article received 14 citations. A co-authorship network composed of 91 nodes and 11 clusters, and an institutional collaboration network of 16 nodes and 5 clusters were designed. The production and impact index show an upward trend compared to previous values of the journal and comparative way with other publications in South America, while the collaboration indicators are incipient, yet.

Prevalence and Patterns of Supernumerary Teeth in a Peruvian Non-Syndromic Population: A Radiographic Study

ABSTRACT: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of supernumerary teeth in a Peruvian non- syndromic population. This retrospective study used 2500 panoramic radiographs from the archives of a radiology center from Tacna-Peru. Radiographs were taken in 2019 and corresponded to subjects with ages between 8 to 22 years. The patterns of the supernumerary teeth were recorded in a checklist. Descriptive statistics was used for the distribution of supernumerary teeth. The Chi-square test was used to compare the distribution between the patterns. A confidence level of 5 % was used. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was 5.32 % (n=133), with a male: female ratio of 1.56:1. The most affected arch was the maxilla (79.7 %), single presentation was the most common (87.22 %), and no differences were observed by gender (p > 0.05). Mesiodens was the most frequent (53.38 %), followed by parapremolar (34.59 %) in both genders (p > 0.05). According to the morphology, conical presentation was presented in 46.62 % of the cases, and impacted status were seen in 69.92 %. There were significance differences when the distribution of morphology was compared by the affected arch (p < 0.05). Conical form was most common in the maxilla (53.77 %), meanwhile in the mandible was the euromorphic type (40.74 %). A prevalence of supernumerary teeth of 5.32 % was estimated. The most frequent affected arch was the maxilla. Mesiodens, conical type and impacted were the most frequent patterns.

RESUMEN: Los dientes supernumerarios son anomalías del desarrollo dentario y se pueden clasificar según diferentes patrones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia y patrones de dientes supernumerarios en una población peruana no sindrómica. Este estudio retrospectivo utilizó 2500 radiografías panorámicas de los archivos de un centro de radiología de Tacna-Perú. Las radiografías se tomaron en 2019 y correspondieron a sujetos con edades entre 8 y 22 años. Los patrones de los dientes supernumerarios se registraron en una lista de verificación. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para describir la distribución de dientes supernumerarios. Se utilizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para comparar la distribución entre los patrones. Se utilizó un nivel de confianza del 5 %. La prevalencia de dientes supernumerarios fue de 5,32 % (n = 133), con una relación hombre: mujer de 1,56:1. El arco más afectado fue el maxilar (79,7 %), la presentación única fue la más común (87,22 %) y no se observaron diferencias por sexo (p > 0,05). Mesiodens fue el más frecuente (53,38 %), seguido del parapremolar (34,59 %) en ambos sexos (p > 0,05). Según la morfología, la presentación cónica se presentó en el 46,62 % de los casos y el estado impactado en el 69,92 %. Hubo diferencias significativas cuando se comparó la distribución de la morfología por arco afectado (p < 0,05). La forma cónica fue más común en el maxilar (53,77 %), mientras que en la mandíbula fue el tipo euromórfico (40,74 %). Se estimó una prevalencia de dientes supernumerarios de 5,32 %. El arco afectado con mayor frecuencia fue el maxilar. Los mesiodens, tipo cónico e impactado fueron los patrones más frecuentes.

Efecto de fuentes de polimerización sobre el sellado marginal de restauraciones de resinas de incremento único / Effect of polymerization sources on the marginal sealing of single-increment resin restorations

Introducción: Las resinas de incremento único permiten una fotoactivación de 4 a 5 mm de profundidad, reduciendo el tiempo clínico de aplicación. No obstante, se deben considerar factores como la contracción que puede afectar el sellado marginal de la restauración. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de tres fuentes de polimerización sobre el sellado marginal de restauraciones Clase II, realizadas con tres sistemas de resina de incremento único. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro. El cálculo de la cantidad de unidades de estudio se realizó con el software EPIDAT, para lo cual se tomaron las medias de dos estudios previos. Se realizaron nueve subgrupos según el material de restauración y la fuente de polimerización. En cada diente se confeccionaron dos restauraciones Clase II, que fueron realizadas según las instrucciones del fabricante. Los dientes fueron sometidos a inmersión pasiva en azul de metileno al 1 por ciento por 24 h. Los dientes fueron seccionados mesiodistalmente. Se realizaron fotografías con una cámara Canon y un lente macro 100 mm. La filtración marginal fue medida según una escala del 0 al 4. Los datos fueron analizados con las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis para la comparación de los grupos. Se estableció un nivel de significancia ajustado al 5 por ciento. Resultados: La resina con menor nivel de filtración fue Filtek Bulkfill, con un 53,3 por ciento correspondiente a la escala 0, mientras que la resina con una mayor filtración fue Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill con un 76,7 por ciento (escala 4), similar a Sonicfill (70,0 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las diferentes fuentes de polimerización no influenciaron el nivel de filtración entre los tres sistemas de resinas de incremento único. Filtek Bulkfill presentó un mejor sellado marginal al compararlo con SonicFill y Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill(AU)

Introduction: Single-increment resins allow a photoactivation of 4 to 5 mm deep, reducing the clinical time of application. However, factors such as shrinkage that may affect the marginal sealing of the restoration should be considered. Objective: Evaluate the effect of three polymerization sources on the marginal sealing of Class II restorations, carried out with three single-increment resin systems. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted. The calculation of the number of study units was carried out with the EPIDAT software, for which the means of two previous studies were taken. Nine subgroups were made according to the restoration material and the polymerization source. Two Class II restorations were made on each tooth, which were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. The teeth were subjected to passive immersion in 1 percent methylene blue for 24h. The teeth were sectioned mesiodistally. Photographs were taken with a Canon camera and a 100mm macro lens. Marginal filtration was measured on a scale of 0 to 4. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis tests for group comparison. A significance level adjusted to 5 percent was established. Results: The resin with the lowest filtration level was Filtek Bulkfill, with 53.3 percent corresponding to scale 0, while the resin with the highest filtration was Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill with 76.7 percent (scale 4), similar to Sonicfill (70.0 percent). Conclusions: The different polymerization sources did not influence the level of filtration between the three single-increment resin systems. Filtek Bulkfill presented a better marginal seal when compared to SonicFill and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill(AU)

Effect of dentin surface pretreatment with four conditioning agents on micro-shear bond strength of a self-adhesive cement.

Background: To evaluate the effect of dentin surface pretreatment with four conditioning agents on the micro-shear strength of a self-adhesive cement. Material and Methods: 32 specimens of 6 mm high x 4 mm wide with dentin exposure were obtained and divided into four groups of NaOCI, CHX, EDTA and AgNPs (n = 8). 2 mL of each treatment agent was applied to the dentin for 60 seconds. Composite resin cylinders measuring 3 mm x 2 mm were cemented with RelyX U200 self-adhesive cement. Micro-shear testing was performed after 24 hours and one week (n = 4) with a 1 mm/min; failure values were recorded in MPa. The failure pattern was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 20x. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate between evaluation times. The significance level used was p<0.05. Results: At 24 hours after cementation, the highest value of micro-shear bond strength was observed for chlorhexidine (15.951 MPa), this value were similar for NaOCl 4% and EDTA, however significant differences were observed when compared with AgNPs (p<0.05). When compared the values at 24 hours and after one week, no differences were observed (p>0.05). The most frequent failure pattern was mixed, followed by adhesive failure. Conclusions: Pretreatment of dentin with sodium hypochlorite, CHX and EDTA positively affected the 24-hour bonding capacity of RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement, although it decreased after one week. Key words:Dental cements, disinfectants, calcium chelators, nanoparticles.

Effect of an orthodontic resin modified with silver-nanoparticles on enamel color change.

Background: To evaluate the effect of an orthodontic resin modified with various concentrations of silver-nanoparticles (AgNPs) on enamel color. Material and Methods: Twenty lower premolars were collected and divided into four groups (n = 5) according to the concentration of AgNPs (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% wt/wt). Additionally, a group bonded with a conventional resin was used as control (n=5). Previous to the bracket bonding, enamel color was measuring with a spectrophotometer. Specimens were stored for 6 months in deionized water. Brackets were debonded and color changes of enamel were calculated with the CIEDE 2000 formula (∆E00). One-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used to assess the color change (α = .05). Results: The control group showed the lowest ∆E00 values, and no significant difference was observed when compared to the group with 0.05% of AgNPs (P > .05). The highest color change was observed in the group with 1% of AgNPs (∆E00 = 8.04±1.48), however no significant difference was observed between groups with 0.1% and 0.5% AgNPs. Conclusions: The incorporation of AgNPs into orthodontic resin result in tooth color alteration. Lower concentrations of AgNPs should be considered to minimize negative changes in enamel color. Key words:White spot lesions, antibacterial, orthodontics, adhesive, Silver-nanoparticles.

Comparison of marginal microleakage of metal copings cemented with three luting cements.

Background: To evaluate the marginal microleakage in single metal copings cemented with zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified ionomer. Material and Methods: An experimental in vitro study was carried out. The calculation of the sample was determined using the G*Power software; 15 premolars were considered per group. The teeth were carved considering a preparation with a chamfer-type shoulder with an angulation of 6°. Working models were obtained, where the metallic copings were made. Cementation was carried out with zinc phosphate (Prothoplast), glass ionomer (Ketac-Cem Easymix), and resin-modified ionomer (Relyx™ Luting 2) cements. The samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours. The microleakage measurement was carried out with a 40x stereo microscope at four measurement points (vestibular, lingual, mesial, and distal). In order to compare the microleakage values, the ANOVA test was carried out, followed by the Scheffé test. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: The zinc phosphate cement showed the highest values of marginal microfiltration (109.28 ± 51.27 µm) followed by the resin-modified ionomer cement (102.63 ± 45.07 µm) and the ionomer of glass (98.64 ± 39.18 µm), although these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified ionomer cements exhibited similar properties to prevent marginal microfiltration in unitary metal copings. Key words:Cementation, dental leakage, dental restoration failure.

Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. frente a Enterococcus faecalis / Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. against Enterococcus faecalis

Introducción: Las infecciones recurrentes en el sistema de conductos radiculares son atribuidas principalmente a la presencia de especies como Enterococcus faecalis, lo que hace necesario el estudio de sustancias alternativas al hipoclorito de sodio que puedan ser empleadas como irrigantes de los conductos y mejorar la tasa de éxito de tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) y evaluar su actividad antibacateriana frente a E. Faecalis ATCC 29212. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio experimental in vitro. El Origanum vulgare L. se recolectó en la provincia de Tarata, Tacna, Perú. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por método de arrastre de vapor y una muestra fue sometida a cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas en un equipo cromatográfico QP2010 (Ultra Shimazu) equipado con una columna DB-5 MS para identificar sus constituyentes. La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial se evaluó a través del método de difusión de disco en agar cerebro-corazón con concentraciones desde 2,261 a 27,132 mg/µL. El cálculo de las repeticiones se realizó con el programa EPi infoTM. Adicionalmente, se identificó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida del aceite esencial. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de los datos y se aplicó la prueba ANOVA de un factor para comparar los valores medios de los halos de inhibición de las distintas concentraciones. Se adoptó un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron 20 constituyentes, siendo los principales compuestos alpha.-pinene (24,44 por ciento) y 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12,52 por ciento). E. Faecalis fue muy sensible (++) y extremadamente sensible (+++) a concentraciones mayores a 15,827 mg/µL del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. Todas las concentraciones inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano, mientras que las concentraciones mayores de 14,018 mg/µL fueron bactericidas. Conclusiones: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. fueron .alpha.-Pinene y Cis-.beta.-Terpineol. Además, se demostró un importante efecto antibacteriano frente a Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)

Introduction: Recurrent infections in the root canal system are mainly attributed to the presence of species such as Enterococcus faecalis. It is therefore necessary to study substances other than sodium hypochlorite which may be used as irrigants for the canals, thus improving the success rate of the treatment. Objective: Identify the chemical composition of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted. Origanum vulgare L. was collected from the province of Tarata, Tacna, Peru. The essential oil was obtained by steam entrainment, and a sample was subjected to gas chromatography / mass spectrometry in a QP2010 chromatograph (Ultra Shimadzu) equipped with a DB-5 MS column to identify its constituents. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by the brain heart agar disk diffusion method at concentrations ranging from 2 261 to 27 132 mg/µl. The software EPi InfoTM was used to estimate the repetitions. Additionally, identification was performed of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the essential oil. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis and one-factor ANOVA was performed to compare the mean values of inhibition haloes at the different concentrations. A significance level of p < 0.05 was established. Results: Twenty constituents were identified. The main compounds were .alpha.-pinene (24.44 percent) and 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12.52 percent). E. Faecalis was very sensitive (++) and extremely sensitive (+++) to concentrations above 15 827 mg/µl of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. All the concentrations inhibited bacterial growth, and concentrations above 14 018 mg/µl were bactericidal. Conclusions: The main constituents of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. were .alpha.-pinene and cis-.beta.-terpineol. Additionally, the essential oil was shown to display considerable antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)

Pretratamiento de la dentina como estrategia de mejora de la adhesión: una revisión de la literatura / Pretreatment of dentine as a strategy to improve adhesion: a literature review

RESUMEN El tratamiento de la dentina como paso previo al procedimiento de adhesión tiene como propósito mejorar las condiciones del sustrato mejorando la fuerza de unión entre la superficie dentaria y el material de restauración, promoviendo mayor longevidad y estabilidad de la restauración. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura que describe las propiedades de diferentes agentes acondicionantes de la dentina. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura incluyendo trabajos publicados entre el 2014 a 2020, de bases de datos médicas como PubMeb, SciELO y ScienceDirect; en idioma inglés, español y portugués. Se seleccionaron un total de 20 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se ha identificado en la literatura el uso de diversos agentes pre tratamiento de la dentina, principalmente agentes químicos como el hipoclorito de sodio, clorhexidina, el ácido etilenodiaminatetraacético (EDTA), las nanopartículas metálicas y las técnicas mecánicas como la abrasión por aire con óxido de aluminio y bicarbonato de sodio.

ABSTRACT Dentin treatment as a prior step to the adhesion procedure is intended to improve the substrate condition by improving the bonding strength between the tooth surfaces and the restorative material, promoting greater longevity and stability of the restoration. The objective of the study was to carry out a review of the literature that describes the properties of different conditioning agents of dentin. A review of the literature was carried out, including works published between 2014 and 2020, from medical databases such as PubMeb, SciELO and ScienceDirect; in English, Spanish and Portuguese. A total of 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The use of various dentin pre-treatment agents has been identified in the literature, mainly chemical agents such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), metallic nanoparticles and mechanical techniques such as air abrasion. with aluminum oxide and baking soda.

Oral and cephalometric characteristics of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: Case report / Características orales y cefalométricas de la displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica: Reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disorder that affects the development of ectodermal tissues. This study reports a case of a 5-year-old male patient, with clinical extra and intraoral characteristics of HED. The intraoral clinical examination revealed a generalized absence of teeth, panoramic radiograph revealed the presence of permanent first molars with taurodontism, and confirm the oligodontia. Cephalometric analysis revealed a class III skeletal relationship, due to deficiency in the sagittal development of the maxilla and an anti-clockwise growth tendency. Alterations in craniofacial development require multidisciplinary treatment and long-term follow-up to monitor craniofacial growth.

RESUMEN La displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica (DEH) es un trastorno genético que afecta el desarrollo de los tejidos ectodérmicos. Se realiza el reporte de caso de un paciente masculino de 5 años, con características clínicas extra e intraorales de DEH. El examen clínico intraoral reveló una ausencia generalizada de dientes, la radiografía panorámica reveló la presencia de primeros molares permanentes con taurodontismo y confirmó la oligodoncia. El análisis cefalométrico reveló una relación esquelética de clase III, debido a la deficiencia en el desarrollo sagital del maxilar y una tendencia de crecimiento en sentido antihorario. Las alteraciones en el desarrollo craneofacial requieren un tratamiento multidisciplinario y un seguimiento a largo plazo para controlar el crecimiento craneofacial.

[Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru: Bibliometric Analysis-decade 2010-2019]. / Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú: Análisis bibliométrico decenio 2010-2019.

The objective was to design a bibliometric analysis of the Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru's scientific publications. We conduct bibliometric retrospective research. All articles of Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru since 2010 to 2019 were considered. The sample included: original articles, review articles, case reports, special articles and letters. Production, impact and collaboration bibliometric index were assessed. 514 publications were analyzed. The total production remained in a range between 46 to 76 publications per year, with an average of 4.89 authors per article. The Impact factor - Scimago Journal Rank- was between 0.12 to 0.157 and h-index of 8. The most cited article received 14 citations. A co-authorship network composed of 91 nodes and 11 clusters, and an institutional collaboration network of 16 nodes and 5 clusters were designed. The production and impact index show an upward trend compared to previous values of the journal and comparative way with other publications in South America, while the collaboration indicators are incipient, yet.

Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis frente a patógenos orales / Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Minthostachys mollis against oral pathogens

Introduction: Minthostachys mollis is medicinal plant frequently used because of its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Objective: Identify the chemical composition of the essential oil from Minthostachys mollis and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens. Methods: The essential oil was extracted from the fresh leaves and branches of the plant by steam distillation method, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry were performed to identify the principal constituents of the essential oils. Repetitions for the antimicrobial assay were calculated with the Epi info TM program. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 by disc diffusion assay and microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bacterial concentration and minimum fungal concentration were recorded. Results: The main compounds found were menthone (32.9 percent) and eucalyptol (28.1 percent). The essential oil of M. mollis demonstrated inhibition zones against E. Faecalis, P. gingivalis and C. albicans of 15.13 ± 0.39, 17.96 ± 0.21, and 20.82 ± 0.63 mm, respectively. There were significant differences on the inhibition zones between the three strains tested, being C. albicans the most sensible microorganism (p < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 1.05 to 2.11 µg/mL, the minimum bacterial concentration ranged from 2.11 to 4.23 µg/mL, and the minimum fungal concentration was 1.05 µg/mL. Conclusions: The essential oil of Minthostachys mollis showed as principal compounds menthone and eucalyptol and it has an important antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, P. gingivalis and C. albicans(AU)

Introducción: Minthostachys mollis es una planta medicinal de uso frecuente por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y antibacterianas. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis y evaluar sus propiedades antimicrobianas frente a patógenos orales. Métodos: El aceite esencial se extrajo de las hojas y ramas frescas de la planta mediante el método de destilación al vapor; se realizó una cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas para identificar los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial. Las repeticiones del ensayo antimicrobiano se calcularon con el programa Epi infoTM. La actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó frente a Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 y Candida albicans ATCC 10231 mediante ensayo de difusión en disco y método de microdilución. Se registró la concentración mínima inhibidora, la concentración mínima bactericida y la concentración mínima fungicida. Resultados: Los principales compuestos encontrados fueron mentona (32,9 por ciento) y eucaliptol (28,1 por ciento). El aceite esencial de M. mollis generó zonas de inhibición frente a E. Faecalis, P. gingivalis y C. albicans de 15,13 ± 0,39, 17,96 ± 0,21 y 20,82 ± 0,63 mm, respectivamente. Existió diferencias significativas en las zonas de inhibición entre las tres cepas, siendo C. albicans el microorganismo más sensible (p < 0,05). La concentración mínima inhibitoria varió de 1,05 a 2,11 µg/mL, la concentración mínima bacteriana varió de 2,11 a 4,23 µg/mL y la concentración mínima de hongos fue 1,05 µg/mL. Conclusiones: El aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis mostró como compuestos principales mentona y eucaliptol y posee una importante actividad antimicrobiana contra E. faecalis, P. gingivalis y C. albicans.

Actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanólico de Plantago major frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of Plantago major ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Las propiedades antibacterianas de Plantago major frente a microorganismos orales no se ha estudiado ampliamente. Objetivo: Identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico de Plantago major y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se prepararon concentraciones del 25 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 75 por ciento y 100 por ciento de extracto etanólico (EE) de Plantago major. Se cargaron seis discos de papel con 10 µL, 15 µL, 20 µL y 25 µL de cada concentración, haciendo un total de 96 discos. Los discos fueron colocados en placas Petri con agar cerebro-corazón inoculadas con Streptococcus mutans, se empleó clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento como control positivo. Se calcularon seis repeticiones para cada concentración. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37 °C por 48 horas. La medición de los halos de inhibición se realizó con un compás digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba ANOVA de un factor seguido por la prueba post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: El análisis químico del extracto etanólico de Plantago major identificó la presencia de terpenos, diterpenos, saponinas, terpenoidales y aceites esenciales. Las concentraciones del 25 por ciento y 50 por ciento no mostraron efecto antibacteriano, los volúmenes mayores de 20 µL de la concentración del 75 por ciento y todas los del 100 por ciento fueron efectivos para inhibir el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 8,36 mm a 14,64 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento inhibió el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 17,77 mm en promedio, presentando diferencias significativas con todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de Plantago major (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de Plantago major presentó derivados de los terpenos y saponinas, y mostró actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans en volúmenes y concentraciones mayores a 20 µL/75 por ciento(AU)

Introduction: The antibacterial properties of Plantago major against oral microorganisms have not been widely studied. Objective: Identify the secondary metabolites present in an ethanolic extract of Plantago major and determine their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The Plantago major ethanolic extract (EE) was prepared at concentrations of 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent and 100 percent. Six paper discs were loaded with 10 µl, 15 µl, 20 µl and 25 µl of each concentration, for a total 96 discs, which were then placed on Petri plates with brain heart agar inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. The positive control was 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Six replicates were estimated for each concentration. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. Inhibition haloes were measured with a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was based on one-factor ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Chemical analysis of the Plantago major ethanolic extract identified the presence of terpenes, diterpenes, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils. The 25 percent and 50 percent concentrations did not display an antibacterial effect, whereas volumes above 20 µl of the 75 percent concentration and all 100 percent volumes were effective to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth with inhibition haloes of 8.36 mm to 14.64 mm. 0.12 percent chlorhexidine inhibited Streptococcus mutans with inhibition haloes of 17.77 mm on average, presenting significant differences with all the concentrations of the Plantago major ethanolic extract (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Plantago major ethanolic extract was found to contain terpene and saponin derivatives, and displayed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans at volumes and concentrations above 20 µl / 75 percent(AU)

Efecto antibacteriano del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. frente a Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus acidophilus / Antibacterial effect of Minthostachys mollis(Griseb) L.essential oil against Streptococcus mutansand Lactobacillus acidophilus

Introducción: El uso de los aceites esenciales de plantas medicinales ha demostrado poseer propiedades antibacterianas frente a diversas especies bacterianas. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus acidophilus. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro. Se empleó el software EpiInfoTM para el cálculo de las repeticiones. Se obtuvo aceite esencial de M. mollis proveniente de la región altoandina del Perú. La composición química fue analizada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó por medio del método de difusión en disco, además, se identificó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida. Resultados: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial fueron mentona (32,9 por ciento) y eucaliptol (28,06 por ciento). El aceite esencial fue efectivo para inhibir el crecimiento de S. mutans y L. acidophilus, con halos de inhibición de 19,040 ± 0,883 mm y 18,008 ± 0,861 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue más efectiva que el aceite esencial para inhibir el crecimiento de L. acidophilus (p < 0,05). Una concentración de 1,6 por ciento (v/v) del aceite esencial fue inhibitoria y bactericida frente a S. mutans; para L. acidophilus una concentración de 3,2 por ciento (v/v) fue inhibitoria. Conclusiones: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial de M. mollis fueron mentona y eucaliptol y demostró ser efectivo para inhibir el crecimiento de S. mutans y L. acidophilus(AU)

Introduction: The use of essential oils from medicinal plants has been shown to possess antibacterial properties against various bacterial species. Objective: To identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis (Griseb) L. and determine its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Methods: An experimental study was performed in vitro. EpiInfoTM software was used to calculate the repetitions. Essential oil of M. mollis was obtained from the high Andean region of Peru. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; antibacterial activity was evaluated by means of the disk diffusion method, in addition the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were identified. Results: The main constituents of the essential oil were menthone (32.9 percent) and eucalyptol (28.06 percent). The essential oil was effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and L. acidophilus, with inhibition halos of 19.040 ± 0.883 mm and 18.008 ± 0.861 mm. Chlorhexidine 0.12 percent was more effective than essential oil in inhibiting the growth of L. acidophilus (p < 0.05). A concentration of 1.6 percent (v/v) of the essential oil was inhibitory and bactericidal against S. mutans; for L. acidophilus a concentration of 3.2 percent (v/v) was inhibitory. Conclusions: The main constituents of the essential oil of M. mollis were menthone and eucalyptol and it was shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and L. acidophilus(AU)

Actividad antibacteriana de un extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of a Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Los derivados del propóleo poseen propiedades antimicrobianas importantes y presentan un potencial uso para la prevención y tratamiento de la caries dental. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de un extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se obtuvo el extracto etanólico de propóleo por maceración en alcohol al 70 por ciento durante 15 días. El extracto etanólico de propóleo fue diluido con agua destilada para obtener concentraciones de 75 por ciento, 50 por ciento y 25 por ciento. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó mediante la prueba de difusión en disco sobre medio agar cerebro-corazón inoculado con S. mutans ATCC® 25175™, se empleó clorhexidina (CHX) al 0,12 por ciento como control. Las placas de Petri fueron incubadas por 48 horas a 37 ºC en condiciones de microaerofilia. Posteriormente se realizó la medición de los halos de inhibición con un compás Vernier. Resultados: Todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de propóleo presentaron actividad antibacteriana frente al S. mutans (25 por ciento = 17,582 ± 2,578 mm; 50 por ciento = 16,906 ± 1,892 mm; 75 por ciento = 16,881 ± 2,013 mm; 100 por ciento = 17,201 ± 1,305 mm). Sin embargo, fueron menores que la CHX al 0,12 por ciento (24,543 ± 2,486 mm) (p < 0,05). Según la escala de Duraffourd, S. mutans fue sensible (+) y muy sensible (++) para todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de propóleo, mientras que para CHX al 0,12 % fue sumamente sensible (+++) (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano presenta actividad antibacteriana significativa considerada como sensible y muy sensible frente a S. mutans(AU)

Introduction: Due to their important antimicrobial properties, propolis by-products are potentially useful for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of a Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The propolis ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration in 70 percent alcohol for 15 days. The extract was diluted in distilled water to obtain concentrations of 75 percent , 50 percent and 25 percent . Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion test in brain heart agar medium inoculated with S. mutans ATCC® 25175™. Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12 percent was used as control. The Petri plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37ºC in microaerophilic conditions. The inhibition haloes were then measured with a Vernier caliper. Results: All the concentrations of the propolis ethanolic extract displayed antibacterial activity against S. mutans: 25 percent = 17.582 ± 2.578 mm; 50 percent = 16.906 ± 1.892 mm; 75 percent = 16.881 ± 2.013 mm; 100 percent = 17.201 ± 1.305 mm. However, values were lower than those of 0.12 percent CHX: 24.543 ± 2.486 mm (p < 0.05). According to the Duraffourd scale, S. mutans was sensitive (+) and very sensitive (++) to all propolis ethanolic extract concentrations, and highly sensitive to 0.12 percent chlorhexidine (+++) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract displays significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Such activity was evaluated as sensitive and very sensitive(AU)