[Reinterpretation of the Malpighian body in light of the existence of a single glomerular arteriole (Trabucco and Marquez)]. / Reinterpretación de la estructura del corpúsculo de Malpighi en función de la existencia de una sola arteriola glomerular (Trabucco y Márquez).

INTRODUCTION: In 1842 William Bowman described the microvascular system of the Malpighian body. Electron microscopic studies definitively revealed the spatial structure of its mesangial-capillary-epithelial component. In 1952-54 Trabucco and Marquez challenged the ideas of Bowman, demonstrating the existence of a single glomerular arteriole. Our study supports the finding of a single glomerular arteriole, leading to a definitive interpretation of the Malpighian body structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial histological studies were carried out of the vascular pole in a case of oligomeganephrotic renal hypoplasia and the immunohistochemical study of embryonal glomerular development (15 embryos aged between 7 and 11weeks), with alpha-actin (smooth muscle marker), CD31 and CD34 (endothelial markers) and CD10 (podocyte marker). RESULTS: The study of the glomerular vascular pole in the case of oligomeganephrotic renal hypoplasia supports the existence of a single glomerular arteriole. Our immunohistochemical study confirmed this finding and provided data on the morphogenesis of the mesangial-capillary-epithelial component of the Malpighian body. CONCLUSIONS: There exist a single glomerular arteriole. Mesangial and endothelial cells originating from a single glomerular arteriole interact with an epithelial component derived from the nephrogenic vesicle which then generate the lobular glomerular tuft, providing the basis for a definitive interpretation of the structure of the Malpighian body. There is no scientific base to the interpretation of the glomerular microvascular system as having two glomerular arterioles with an intercalated capillary network.

Anatomical pathology (human structural biopathology) in the era of "Big Data", digitalization, 5G and artificial intelligence: Evolution or Revolution? / Anatomía patológica (biopatología estructural humana)

A proposal of an updated system of the Organization of Scientific Biomedical Kowledge is presented, integrating the historical achievements in pathology from the 15th to the 21st century. Scientific understanding of disease (Human Biopathology) is actually acquired at consecutive levels: 1) Etiopathogenic, 2) Structural, 3) Physiopathological, and 4) Clinical. A complete spectrum of etiological factors is presented. A new organization of the structural basis of disease processes (Human Structural Biopathology) is presented. Two unique polar types of cellular pathology are proposed: cellular injury and cellular change. Translation of these two types of cellular pathology into the integrative structural cytotissular levels, gives rise to only ten basic structural processes, that can be organized in three main cytotissular (CT) structural complexes: 1) CT maldevelopment that includes: congenital malformation(1), tumoral maldevelopment (2), hereditary non malformative congenital organopathy (3). 2) Complex of CT injury or non-hereditary organopathies (4), associating: CT necrosis-inflammatory reaction- repair. 3. complex of CT change: atrophy (5), hypertrophy (6), hyperplasia (7), metaplasia (8), dysplasia (9) and neoplasia (10). This system provides a precise basis for the organization of Human Biopathology, which could be applied to: 1) the development of a Universal Medical Curriculum, 2) Departamental Organization of a Faculty of Medicine, 3) the development of a New Global System for Disease Control. As we enter the era of Big Data, 5G, digitalization and artificial intelligence, a rational, scientific and efficient organization of biomedical information will be crucial in determining the success or failure of its applications to the health system

Propuesta actualizada de un sistema de Organización del Conocimiento Científico Biomédico. Integra los avances históricos de la Anatomía patológica desde los siglos xv a XXI. El conocimiento científico de los procesos de enfermedad (Biopatología Humana), se adquiere por 4 niveles secuenciales: 1) Etiopatogénico, 2) Estructural, 3) Fisiopatológico y 4) Clínico. Se completa el espectro de los factores etiológicos. Se desarrolla una nueva organización de las «bases estructurales existentes en los procesos de enfermedad». Se definen 2 únicos tipos polares de patología celular: Lesión y Cambio celular. El traslado de la patología celular al «nivel de integración estructural citotisular» da origen a solo 10 «procesos estructurales básicos», organizados en 3 principales «complejos de biopatología estructural citotisular» (CT): 1) Complejo del Maldesarrollo CT: Malformación Congénita (1), Maldesarrollo Tumoral (2), Organopatía Congénita No Malformativa Hereditaria (3). 2) Complejo de Lesión CT. Organopatía No hereditaria. Asociación secuencial a: Necrosis CT - Reacción Inflamatoria - Reparación CT.3) Complejo del Cambio CT: Atrofia (5), Hipertrofia (6), Hiperplasia (7), Metaplasia (8), Displasia (9), Neoplasia (10). Este sistema aporta las bases precisas para la organización de la Biopatología Humana. El desarrollo completo del sistema propuesto podría aplicarse a: 1. desarrollo de un Currículum Médico Universal, 2.Organización Departamental de las Facultades de Medicina, 3. desarrollo de un Nuevo Sistema Global de Control de los Procesos de Enfermedad. Entrando en la «era del big data, G5, digitalización e inteligencia artificial», una organización científica, racional y eficiente del conocimiento biomédico determinará el éxito o el fracaso de su aplicación a los Sistemas de Salud

Anatomical pathology (human structural biopathology) in the era of "Big Data", digitalization, 5G and artificial intelligence: Evolution or Revolution?

A proposal of an updated system of the Organization of Scientific Biomedical Kowledge is presented, integrating the historical achievements in pathology from the 15th to the 21st century. Scientific understanding of disease (Human Biopathology) is actually acquired at consecutive levels: 1) Etiopathogenic, 2) Structural, 3) Physiopathological, and 4) Clinical. A complete spectrum of etiological factors is presented. A new organization of the structural basis of disease processes (Human Structural Biopathology) is presented. Two unique polar types of cellular pathology are proposed: cellular injury and cellular change. Translation of these two types of cellular pathology into the integrative structural cytotissular levels, gives rise to only ten basic structural processes, that can be organized in three main cytotissular (CT) structural complexes: 1) CT maldevelopment that includes: congenital malformation(1), tumoral maldevelopment (2), hereditary non malformative congenital organopathy (3). 2) Complex of CT injury or non-hereditary organopathies (4), associating: CT necrosis-inflammatory reaction- repair. 3. complex of CT change: atrophy (5), hypertrophy (6), hyperplasia (7), metaplasia (8), dysplasia (9) and neoplasia (10). This system provides a precise basis for the organization of Human Biopathology, which could be applied to: 1) the development of a Universal Medical Curriculum, 2) Departamental Organization of a Faculty of Medicine, 3) the development of a New Global System for Disease Control. As we enter the era of Big Data, 5G, digitalization and artificial intelligence, a rational, scientific and efficient organization of biomedical information will be crucial in determining the success or failure of its applications to the health system.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of solid papillary carcinoma of the breast. A report of four cases.

BACKGROUND: Solid papillary carcinoma of the breast (SPCB) is a distinctive form of papillary carcinoma that tends to occur in older women and usually has a favorable prognosis. CASES: We report the cytologic and histologic findings in four cases of SPCB. All but one of the patients were elderly women (mean age, 66 years). Three patients presented with breast masses, and one patient presented with a breast mass and nipple discharge. Cytology demonstrated moderately to highly cellular smears with irregular groups of predominantly monolayered epithelium composed of small, polygonal or cuboidal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and rounded, eccentrically placed nuclei. Papillalike clusters with thin, fibrovascular cores were also observed. Immunocytochemical expression of synaptophysin was present in two cases. The diagnosis of SPBC was subsequently confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. CONCLUSION: The FNA of SPCB displays some features that may be helpful in its correct identification preoperatively.