ABSTRACT
Abstract gender exercises a powerful effect on determining health status: it may limit different rates of exposure to certain risks, different patterns in the quest for treatment or differential impacts of the social economic determinants of health. The object of this study has been to discover the relationships between gender and health in a special group of the Spanish population, male/female nurses. Spanish male (n = 98) and female (n = 98) nurses completed measures of gender norms, and health behavior variables. The analysis of correlations between health variables and gender norms indicates that registering a higher score in gender norms correlates with lower scores in physical and mental health and lifestyles. The logistical regression equations (self-perceived health, mental health and the number of illnesses suffered) identify differences between male and female nurses, with the only common variable being the level of perceived stress.
Resumo O gênero exerce um efeito poderoso na determinação do estado de saúde. Ele pode limitar diferentes níveis de exposição a certos riscos, diferentes padrões na busca por tratamento ou diferentes impactos de determinantes socioeconômicos na saúde. Este estudo teve por objetivo descobrir as relações entre gênero e saúde em um grupo especial da população espanhola, enfermeiros e enfermeiras. Enfermeiros (n = 98) e enfermeiras (n = 98) completaram medidas de normas de gênero e comportamentos de saúde. A análise das correlações entre variáveis de saúde e normas de gênero indicaram que um alto escore nas normas de gênero se correlaciona com baixos escores de saúde física/mental e estilos de vida. As equações de regressão logística (saúde auto percebida, saúde mental e número de dolências) identificaram diferenças entre enfermeiros e enfermeiras; estresse percebido foi a única variável em comum.
Resumen el género ejerce un efecto poderoso en la determinación del estado de salud y puede limitar diferentes niveles de exposición a ciertos riesgos, diferentes patrones en la búsqueda por tratamiento o diferentes impactos de determinantes socioeconómicos en la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue descubrir las relaciones entre género y salud en un grupo especial de la población española, enfermeros y enfermeras. Enfermeros (n = 98) y enfermeras (n = 98) completaron medidas de normas de género y comportamientos de salud. El análisis de las correlaciones entre variables de salud y de género indicaron que un alto escore en las normas de género se correlaciona con bajos escores de salud física/mental y estilos de vida. Las ecuaciones de regresión logística (salud autopercibida, salud mental y número de dolencias) identificaron diferencias entre enfermeros y enfermeras; estrés percibido ha sido la única variable en común.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Gender Identity , Occupational Health NursingABSTRACT
The present research focused on a sample of Spanish undergraduate women and men to evaluate whether gender was related to substance use and chronic illness. This research examined the associations of conformity to masculine norms for men and conformity to feminine norms for women with substance use in chronic illnesses. Spanish male (n = 226) and female (n = 234) college undergraduates completed measures of chronic diseases, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and conformity to gender norms. Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that being female was related to lower alcohol and cigarette consumption but a greater rate of chronic illnesses. Although masculinity did not explain the rate of chronic illnesses, specific feminine and masculine gender norms were related to alcohol and tobacco use and prevalence of chronic diseases. The present study provides insights for further cross-cultural psychological studies on the mediating effect of self-reported conformity to gender norms (rather than only sex) on health. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Chronic Disease/psychology , Gender Identity , Smoking/psychology , Social Conformity , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Female , Health Status , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Prevalence , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , Students/psychology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
Se analizan los resultados de la aplicación del Inventario de Conformidad con las Normas de Género Masculinas - CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003) en un grupo de hombres adultos españoles. El CMNI fue diseñado para evaluar, desde una perspectiva multidimensional, el grado de conformidad de los hombres hacia un conjunto de normas de género identificadas en la cultura dominante de EEUU. Se ha aplicado el cuestionario a 727 hombres de entre 18 y 83 años con una edad media de 30.17 (D. T. 12.14), varios niveles educativos y situación laboral heterogénea y que procedían de varias regiones españolas. Los datos de fiabilidad son, en su mayoría, satisfactorios, y la matriz de correlaciones entre subescalas confirma el modelo teórico de Mahalik (2000). Las diferencias en los resultados obtenidos en nuestro grupo y en el grupo de estadounidenses sugieren el efecto de factores culturales (históricos, generacionales y educacionales). El análisis factorial revela una estructura caracterizada por la agrupación de ítems similar al obtenido en USA, y aunque difiere en algunos aspectos, apoya en general la estructura propuesta por los autores. Se sugiere la reagrupación de algunas de las subescalas que se han mostrado relacionadas en otras supraordenadas con el objeto de mejorar la adecuación del CMNI para ser usado en población española (AU)
The administration of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory - CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003) in a group of Spanish men is described. The CMNI was designed to assess, from a multidimensional perspective, men's degree of conformity to a series of gender norms identified in the dominant culture of the United States of America. The questionnaire was administered to 727 men between 18 and 83 years of age with a mean age of 30.17 (S. D. 12.14), with diverse educational levels and heterogeneous work situations and who came from various regions of Spain. The reliability data are mostly satisfactory, and the correlation matrix between the subscales confirms Mahalik's (2000) theoretical model. The differences between the results obtained in the Spanish group and the American group suggest the effect of cultural factors. Factor analysis revealed a structure characterised by the grouping of items similar to the one obtained in the USA and, although it is different in some aspects, in general, it supports the structure proposed by the authors. We suggest regrouping some of the subscales that have been shown to be related in other supraordered subscales with the aim of improving the suitability of the CMNI for use in Spanish population (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Gender Identity , Personality Inventory , Social Values , Sex DifferentiationABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the internal consistency and the external and structure validity of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in the Spanish general population. A stratified sample of 1001 subjects, ages between 25 and 65 years, taken from the general Spanish population was employed. The GHQ-12 and the Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety-ISRA were administered. A Cronbach's alpha of .76 (Standardized Alpha: .78) and a 3-factor structure (with oblique rotation and maximum likelihood procedure) were obtained. External validity of Factor I (Successful Coping) with the ISRA is very robust (.82; Factor II, .70; Factor III, .75). The GHQ-12 shows adequate reliability and validity in the Spanish population. Therefore, the GHQ-12 can be used with efficacy to assess people's overall psychological well-being and to detect non-psychotic psychiatric problems. Additionally, our results confirm that the GHQ-12 can best be thought of as a multidimensional scale that assesses several distinct aspects of distress, rather than just a unitary screening measure.
Subject(s)
Health Status , Population Surveillance/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Health Status Indicators , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the internal consistency and the external and structure validity of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in the Spanish general population. A stratified sample of 1001 subjects, ages between 25 and 65 years, taken from the general Spanish population was employed. The GHQ-12 and the Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety-ISRA were administered. A Cronbachs alpha of .76 (Standardized Alpha: .78) and a 3-factor structure (with oblique rotation and maximum likelihood procedure) were obtained. External validity of Factor I (Successful Coping) with the ISRA is very robust (.82; Factor II, .70; Factor III, .75). The GHQ-12 shows adequate reliability and validity in the Spanish population. Therefore, the GHQ-12 can be used with efficacy to assess peoples overall psychological well-being and to detect non-psychotic psychiatric problems. Additionally, our results confirm that the GHQ-12 can best be thought of as a multidimensional scale that assesses several distinct aspects of distress, rather than just a unitary screening measure
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la consistencia interna y la validez externa y estructural del Cuestionario de Salud General de 12 Ítems (GHQ-12) en la población general española. La muestra está compuesta por 1.001 sujetos, de 25 a 65 años de edad, de la población española. El GHQ-12 y el Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad fueron administrados. Se encontró un alfa de Cronbach de .76 (alpha estandarizado: 0.78) y una estructura de 3 factores (con rotación oblicua y el procedimiento de máxima verosimilitud). La validez externa del Factor I (Afrontamiento exitoso) con el ISRA fue muy alta (0.82; Factor II, .70; Factor III, .75). El GHQ-12 demostró una fiabilidad y validez adecuada en la población española. Por tanto, el GHQ-12 puede ser utilizado con eficacia para evaluar el bienestar psicológico y detectar problemas psiquiátricos no psicóticos. Además de ello, nuestros resultados confirman que el GHQ-12 se porta mejor como una escala multidimensional que evalúa varios aspectos del malestar psicológico, que utilizado como una medida de screening único
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Health Profile , Mental Health/classification , Mental Disorders/psychology , Health Status , Mental Status ScheduleABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to attempt to answer the question of whether subjects with different circadian typology (morningness-eveningness) have a differential personality profile, going beyond the aim of relating the circadian typology with isolated and more general personality variables, such as Extraversing-Introversing. The research has been carried out with 804 participants, university students from a university in the South of Brazil (Novo Hamburgo-RS/ BR) of 33 different degree courses, using the MIPS- Millon Index of Personality Styles (Millon, 1994) and the CS-Composite Scale (Smith, Reilly and Midkiff, 1989) as a measurement of Personality Styles and the chronotype, respectively. The findings point to a personality profile which is more socially desirable for Morningness (higher mark in the Enhancing, Systematizing and Conforming scales), whereas those for Eveningness are characterised by being less adapted to their environment (higher mark in Preserving, Innovating; Hesitating, Dissenting and Agreeing scales). That confirms the usefulness of having a more flexible, detailed frame of reference, such as that of Theodore Millon.
El objetivo de este estudio era determinar si los sujetos con distinta tipología circadiana (matutinidad-vespertinidad) tenían un perfil de personalidad diferencial, trascendiendo el intento de relacionar la tipología circadiana con variables de personalidad aisladas y más generales, como Extraversión-Introversión. La investigación se llevó a cabo con 804 participantes, universitarios de una universidad del sur de Brasil (Novo Hamburgo-RS/BR) de 33 carreras distintas, utilizándose el MIPS - Inventario de Estilos de Personalidad de Millon (Millon, 1994) y la CS - Escala Compuesta (Smith, Reilly y Midkiff, 1989) como medida de los estilos de personalidad y cronotipos, respectivamente. Los resultados apuntaron a un perfil de personalidad más deseable socialmente para los matutinos (mayor puntuación en las escalas Expansión, Sistematización y Conformismo), mientras que los vespertinos se caracterizaron por estar menos adaptados a su entorno (mayor puntuación en las escalas Preservación, Innovación, Indecisión, Discrepancia y Descontento).
