ABSTRACT
Whipple's disease is an infrequent multisystemic infection caused by a gram-positive bacterium: Tropheryma whippelii, which after several studies has been characterized as an actinomiceto por 16Sr RNA. It occurs with multiple symptoms, the principal of which are diarrhea, weight loss, stomach pain and arthralgias. Arthritis or artralgia may appear as an isolated symptom and eventually through the years additional digestive, cardiovascular and/or neurological symptoms arise. Diverse immunological abnormalities usually present before or after clinical symptoms are first discovered. Currently there are cabinet, endoscopic, radiological, tomographic and laboratory studies which can help to make a definitive diagnosis, such as the duodenal biopsy submitted to the Schiff test, to the polimerasa chain or an electronic microscopy in order to see the intracellular bacteria in the macrophage and for immunohistochemistry to see specific antibodies to Whipple's disease. Treatment is trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, it is suggested transfer factor too.
Subject(s)
Whipple Disease , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Arthralgia/etiology , Diarrhea/etiology , Duodenum/immunology , Duodenum/microbiology , Humans , Macrophages/microbiology , Transfer Factor/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , Tropheryma/genetics , Tropheryma/immunology , Tropheryma/isolation & purification , Weight Loss , Whipple Disease/diagnosis , Whipple Disease/drug therapy , Whipple Disease/immunology , Whipple Disease/microbiology , Whipple Disease/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The methimazole has long been used for treating Graves' disease to decrease thyroid hormone production and obtain a thyroid normofunction, but this drug has also immunosuppressive and immunomodulation effects. OBJECTIVE: To analyze in patients with Graves' disease treated with methimazole and allergic rhinitis, the clinical evolution of the allergic rhinitis with the immunosuppressive and immunomodulation effects of the methimazole. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A comparative and observational study was done in the Mexico's General Hospital, in twenty-six patients with Graves' disease treated with methimazole 10 mg, thyroid profile was done, and when subjects obtained a thyroid normofunction continued with the same doses of methimazole and received also 12.5 mcg/day of levothyroxine. All the patients were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, and they were divided into two groups (11 females and 2 males each). Both groups continued with the same treatment of methimazole and levothyroxine, but group II was given also antihistamines H1 of second-generation (loratadine) daily, and specific immunotherapy during six months. We described and compared the clinical evolution of the allergic rhinitis of the two groups with the treatment. RESULTS: In the group I, changes in the clinical evolution of the allergic rhinitis after six months were not observed. In the group II, by week 10 the symptoms of the allergic rhinitis were controlled in 80% of the patients, and by week 14 all the patients of this group were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with allergic rhinitis and Graves' diseases with methimazole-thyroid normofunction we observed that there is not influence of methimazole on clinical evolution of the allergic rhinitis.
Subject(s)
Antithyroid Agents/pharmacology , Graves Disease/drug therapy , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Methimazole/pharmacology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use , Antithyroid Agents/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , Desensitization, Immunologic , Female , Graves Disease/complications , Graves Disease/immunology , Humans , Loratadine/therapeutic use , Male , Methimazole/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy , Thyroxine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Under the heading of this subject we deal with stings by arthropods, making of bees, commenting on the composition of the poisons and the different local and general reactions that are differences that exist between the stings The venom contains many biologically active components such as melitin, phospholipase A2, apamin, mast cell degranulation peptide, hyaluronidase, histamine, and dopamine. That neurotoxic venom secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) have specific receptors in brain membranes called N-type receptors that are likely to play a role in the molecular events leading to neurotoxicity of these proteins. The sPLA2 found in honeybee venom is neurotoxic and binds to this receptor with high affinity. Poneratoxin is small neuropeptide found in the venom of arthropod (bee). It is stored in the venom reservoir as a inactive 25 residue peptide. Here we describe both chemically synthesized poneratoxin, insect larvae were paralyzed by injection of either of the purified toxins. These toxins are used in research as molecular probes, targeting with high affinity selected ion channel subtypes. As such, they are very useful for understanding the mechanism of synaptic transmission. Poneratoxin affects the voltage-dependent sodium channels and blocks the synaptic transmission in the insect central nervous system in a concentration-dependent manner; we think that in the human this is same.
Subject(s)
Anaphylaxis/chemically induced , Bee Venoms/adverse effects , Bees , Hypersensitivity/etiology , Insect Bites and Stings/complications , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/diagnosis , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology , Animals , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
El mecanismo de producción de la hiposensibilización a distancia (ID o IDE), cualquiera que sea su origen, ha sido difícil de dilucidar, lo cual ha sido el motivo para realizar esta revisión. La mayor parte de los hongos poseen una estructura compleja compuesta por La N-acetil glucosamina, la cual es fundamental en la producción de IDES, debido a que: es el antígeno de superficie de los dermatofitos que va a producir la formación de dichas IDES, ya que es semejante a la colágena tipo I de la piel y los glucosamin-glicanos que se utilizan para su conservación. Cuando se monta una respuesta inmunitaria contra la glucosamina de los dermatofitos se hace una reacción cruzada contra la colágena tipo I de la piel
