Evolución de las ecuaciones del Shuttle Run Test 20m para la obtención del VO2máx: Revisión documental / Evolution of the equations of the Shuttle Run Test 20m to obtain VO2max: Documentary review

Para la evaluación del fitness cardiorrespiratorio existen pruebas directas en laboratorio que proporcionan información objetiva respecto a esta cualidad. No obstante, cuando no se cuenta con los recursos se recurre al uso de pruebas de campo como el Shuttle Run Test 20 metros (SRT-20m), el cual busca establecer el VO2max para cada sujeto, relacionando los valores obtenidos con aspectos como la composición corporal, edad y contexto poblacional, siendo una de las pruebas más confiables y con concordancia clínica existente. El propósito fue reconocer los cambios o variaciones presentes en los modelos matemáticos o lineales empleados en esta prueba con diferentes grupos poblacionales. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura bajo el marco básico para revisiones integradoras con algunas precisiones dadas por la guía PRISMA, identificando en su mayoría estudios de corte transversal los cuales evidencian los cambios realizados al planteamiento de la fórmula matemática donde las variables que inciden en el valor resultante para la resistencia aeróbica son: velocidad final, etapa de la prueba, edad y aspectos antropométricos del sujeto. Por lo anterior, se concluye que, para efectos prácticos, la estimación del VO2máx debe considerar factores intrínsecos del sujeto y aquellos relacionados con la ejecución de la prueba (AU)

For the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness, there are direct laboratory tests that provide objective information regarding this quality. However, when the resources are not available, the use of field tests such as the Shuttle Run Test 20 meters (SRT-20m) is used, which seeks to establish the VO2max for each subject, relating the values obtained with aspects such as body composition, age, and population context, being one of the most reliable tests with existing clinical agreement. The purpose was to recognize the changes or variations present in the mathematical or linear models used in this test with different population groups. A review of the literature was carried out under the basic framework for integrative reviews with some clarifications given by the PRISMA guide, identifying mostly cross-sectional studies which show the changes made to the approach of the mathematical formula where the variables that affect the resulting value for aerobic endurance are final speed, stage of the test, age, and anthropometric aspects of the subject. Therefore, it is concluded that, for practical purposes, the estimation of VO2max should consider intrinsic factors of the subject and those related to the execution of the test (AU)

Profiling Physical Fitness of Physical Education Majors Using Unsupervised Machine Learning.

The academic curriculum has shown to promote sedentary behavior in college students. This study aimed to profile the physical fitness of physical education majors using unsupervised machine learning and to identify the differences between sexes, academic years, socioeconomic strata, and the generated profiles. A total of 542 healthy and physically active students (445 males, 97 females; 19.8 [2.2] years; 66.0 [10.3] kg; 169.5 [7.8] cm) participated in this cross-sectional study. Their indirect VO2max (Cooper and Shuttle-Run 20 m tests), lower-limb power (horizontal jump), sprint (30 m), agility (shuttle run), and flexibility (sit-and-reach) were assessed. The participants were profiled using clustering algorithms after setting the optimal number of clusters through an internal validation using R packages. Non-parametric tests were used to identify the differences (p < 0.05). The higher percentage of the population were freshmen (51.4%) and middle-income (64.0%) students. Seniors and juniors showed a better physical fitness than first-year students. No significant differences were found between their socioeconomic strata (p > 0.05). Two profiles were identified using hierarchical clustering (Cluster 1 = 318 vs. Cluster 2 = 224). The matching analysis revealed that physical fitness explained the variation in the data, with Cluster 2 as a sex-independent and more physically fit group. All variables differed significantly between the sexes (except the body mass index [p = 0.218]) and the generated profiles (except stature [p = 0.559] and flexibility [p = 0.115]). A multidimensional analysis showed that the body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and agility contributed the most to the data variation so that they can be used as profiling variables. This profiling method accurately identified the relevant variables to reinforce exercise recommendations in a low physical performance and overweight majors.

Validation of two field tests to determine maximum oxygen consumption in university students at high altitude / Validación de dos test de campo para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno en estudiantes universitarios en una altura elevada

Abstract Introduction: Various research has used field tests to establish cardiorespiratory fitness from VO.max obtained; however, under high altitude conditions there may be variations that influence the behavior of this variable untrained and untrained healthy subjects. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the VO.max obtained by means of two field tests: Cooper Run Test and Shuttle Run Test 20 meters (CRT and SRT-20m) and the values obtained by ergospirometry in trained university students above 2600 masl. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study;30 trained subjects (8 women 22 men) participated, with ± an average age of 19.0 to 2.2 years for women and 20.1 ± to 2.1 years for men. A one-way variance analysis was applied; a post hoc analysis was subsequently performed with the Games-Howell procedure which is most powerful in small samples (p<0.01). Results: No significant differences were founding the VO.max mean for SRT-20m and the direct method, however, with respect to the CRT, differences were presented (p <0.01), reflecting the higher accuracy of the SRT-20m test to estimate the VO.max in the sample evaluated. Conclusions: Our results suggested that SRT-20m predicted VO.max closely to data reported in ergospirometry in both men and women living at high altitude. Additional research with larger sample sizes is warranted. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 19-26.

Resumen Introducción: Diversas investigaciones han empleado las pruebas de campo con la finalidad de establecer el fitness cardiorrespiratorio a partir del VO.máx obtenido; no obstante, en condiciones de gran altitud pueden existir variaciones que influencien el comportamiento de esta variable en sujetos sanos entrenados y no entrenados. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el VO.max obtenido mediante dos pruebas de campo: Cooper Run Test y Shuttle Run Test 20 metros (CRT y SRT-20m) y los valores obtenidos mediante ergoespirometría. Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; participaron 30 sujetos entrenados (8 mujeres 22 hombres), con una edad promedio de 19,0 ± 2,2 años para las mujeres y 20,1 ± 2,1 años para los hombres. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza de una vía; posteriormente se realizó un análisis post hoc con el procedimiento de Games-Howell, que es más poderoso en muestras pequeñas (p<0.01). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la media del VO.max para SRT-20m y el método directo, sin embargo, con respecto al CRT, se presentaron diferencias (p <0.01), reflejando la mayor precisión de la prueba SRT-20m para estimar el VO.max. en la muestra evaluada. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugirieron que SRT-20m predijo los valores de VO.máx de manera cercana a los datos reportados en ergoespirometría tanto en hombres como en mujeres que habitan a gran altitud. Se justifica la investigación adicional con tamaños de muestra más grandes. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 19-26

Perfil de condición física de futbolistas universitarios que entrenan en altura moderada / Profile of Physical Condition of University Soccer Players Who Train at Moderate Altitude

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la condición física de futbolistas universitarios de Bogotá, Colombia, que entrenan en altura moderada. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo y corte transversal con 191 futbolistas universitarios (84 volantes, 49 defensas, 38 delanteros y 20 porteros), con promedios de edad de 19,9 ±1,83; peso 66,4 ±8,88; talla 171 cm ±0,5 y un índice de masa corporal de 22,5 ±2,52 kg/m2. Se aplicaron pruebas de condición física como: salto horizontal (SH), sit and reach (SR), test de velocidad a 30 m desde salida estática (T30M) y shuttle run (SHR), pruebas de composición corporal y de resistencia cardiovascular donde se evaluaron: course navette (SRT-20m) y Cooper (CRT). Los datos son presentados como medias y desviaciones estándar; se compararon los resultados por posición de juego mediante análisis de varianzas de una vía (ANOVA) y se corrieron pruebas posthoc (Gabriel) para aquellas que resultaron significativas (p≤0,05). Resultados: El análisis post hoc de Gabriel mostró diferencias significativas entre el grupo de defensas y volantes (p=0,05). Todas las variables cumplieron el supuesto de homogeneidad de varianzas. La única variable que presentó una diferencia significativa fue el salto largo (F3-190 = 3,139; p = 0,027). Conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo de defensas y volantes, las cuales pueden estar asociadas al patrón motriz, las variaciones en fuerza, velocidad, potencia muscular y cambios de ritmo que tiene cada posición dentro del juego.

Abstract Objective: To determine the physical condition of university soccer players from Bogotá, Colombia, who train at moderate altitude. Method: Quantitative descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted on 191 university soccer players (84 midfielders, 49 defenders, 38 forwards, and 20 goalkeepers), with age averages of 19,9 ± 1,83, weight 66,4 ± 8,88, height 171 cm ± 0,5, and a body mass index of 22,5 ± 2,52 kg/m2. Physical fitness tests were applied, such as horizontal jump (SH), sit and reach (SR), speed test at 30 m from a static exit (T30M) and shuttle run (SHR), body composition and cardiovascular resistance tests. Course navette (SRT-20m) and Cooper (CRT) were evaluated. Data are presented as means and standard deviations. The results by playing position were compared using one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA), and post-hoc tests were run (Gabriel) for those that were significant (p≤0,05). Results: A post-hoc analysis of Gabriel was performed; it showed significant differences between the group of defenders and midfielders (p = 0,05). All the variables met the assumption of homogeneity of variances. The only variable that showed a significant difference was the long jump (F3-190 = 3,139; p= 0,027). Conclusions: Significant differences were observed between the group of defenses and midfielders, which may be associated with the motor pattern, variations in strength, speed, muscle power, and rhythm changes that each position has within the game.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar as condições físicas dos jogadores de futebol universitários de Bogotá, na Colômbia, que treinam em alturas moderadas. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo de tipo descritivo e de secção transversal com 191 jogadores de futebol universitário (84 médios, 49 defesas, 38 atacantes e 20 goleiros), com idade média de 19,9 ±1,83 anos; peso 66,4 ±8,88; altura 171 cm ±0,5 e índice de massa corporal de 22,5 ±2,52 kg/m2. Foram aplicados testes de condição física tais como: salto horizontal (SH), sit and reach (SR), teste de velocidade a 30 m da saída estática (T30M) e shuttle run (SHR), testes de composição corporal e de resistência cardiovascular onde foram avaliados o curso navette (SRT-20m) e Cooper (CRT). Os dados são apresentados como médias e desvios padrão; os resultados foram comparados por meio da análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA), e testes pós-hoc (Gabriel) foram realizados para aqueles que foram significativos (p≤0,05). Resultados: A análise pós-hoc de Gabriel mostrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos defensivos e de meio-campo (p=0,05). Todas as variáveis cumpriram a suposição de homogeneidade de variâncias. A única variável que apresentou uma diferença significativa foi o salto em distância (F3-190 = 3,139; p = 0,027). Conclusões: Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o grupo de defesa e de meio campo, que podem estar associadas ao padrão motor, variações de força, velocidade, força muscular e mudanças de ritmo que cada posição tem dentro do jogo.