Protein Profile and Simulated Digestive Behavior of Breast Milk from Overweight and Normal Weight Mothers.

Human milk proteins have shown to vary in concentration and distribution through lactation. However, while some regulatory components, such as hormones, have shown associations with regard to the mothers' body mass index, there is limited information on the possible influence of this condition on the whole protein distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein profile of human milk from normal weight and overweight or obese mothers to identify differences in protein expression in colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The mass spectrometry analysis showed the ability to class with a high degree of confidence the lactation state and the milk profile according to the mother's condition. Individual milk samples were subjected to a digestion in vitro model that takes into account the specificities of the gastrointestinal conditions of full-term newborn infants. The digestion products were compared with available data from the digestive contents in newborns. The behavior of the most abundant proteins and the overall peptide generation and survival, showed good correspondence with in vivo data.

Study of the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of human milk from Spanish women at different stages of lactation: A comparison with infant formulas.

Human milk (HM) has been proven to have important and essential antioxidant properties to counteract infant susceptibility to oxidative stress. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites which come from plants and are potent natural antioxidants. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method used in the present study allowed the quantification of 26 phenolic compounds (ten hydroxybenzoic acids, seven hydroxycinnamic acids, four flavonoids, three hydroxybenzaldehydes and two other polyphenols) in HM samples at different stages of lactation (colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk) and infant formulas (IF). Many of the phenolic compounds identified have been reported to be present in HM for the first time. The total phenolic compound content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin assay and the antioxidant activity (AC) was evaluated with the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Significant differences were evidenced between HM and IF. HM from mothers with an adherence to a Mediterranean diet contained twice as many individual phenolic compounds as infant formulas, with a higher proportion of hydroxybenzoic acids. Conversely, IF showed a higher proportion of hydroxycinnamic acids. Overall, the antioxidant activity of HM showed small variations during lactation.

Differences in the Phenolic Profile by UPLC Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Antioxidant Capacity of Two Diospyros kaki Varieties.

BACKGROUND: phenolic compounds are bioactive chemical species derived from fruits and vegetables, with a plethora of healthy properties. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) due to the presence of many different classes of phenolic compounds. However, the analysis of individual phenolic compounds is difficult due to matrix interferences. METHODS: the aim of this research was the evaluation of individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the pulp of two varieties of persimmon (Rojo Brillante and Triumph) by an improved extraction procedure together with a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS platform. RESULTS: the phenolic compounds composition of persimmon was characterized by the presence of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzaldehydes, dihydrochalcones, tyrosols, flavanols, flavanones, and flavonols. A total of 31 compounds were identified and 17 compounds were quantified. Gallic acid was the predominant phenolic compounds found in the Rojo Brillante variety (0.953 mg/100 g) whereas the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid was higher in the Triumph option (0.119 mg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: the results showed that the Rojo Brillante variety had higher quantities of phenolic compounds than the Triumph example. These data could be used as reference in future phenolic compound databases when individual health effects of phenolic compounds become available.

A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas.

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Organoleptic Characterization of a Skimmed Goat Milk Fermented with the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum C4.

The benefits of goat milk, fermented milks, and probiotics for the humans are well documented. In this study, a novel fermented goat milk was manufactured with the putative probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum C4 together with L. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Ultrafiltration was chosen as the skimmed milk concentration method because it produced the best viscosity and syneresis and a high casein content. The viability rate of all bacterial strains was >107 cfu/mL, even after 5 weeks of storage or after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, which is especially important for exertion of the probiotic strain functionalities. This fermented milk is also a good source of nutrients, having a low lactose and fat content, high protein proportion, and good mineral concentration. According to these data and the overall acceptability described by panelists, this fermented milk is a healthy dairy product comparable with commercially available fermented milks.

Migraciones profesionales la-UE. Oportunidades para el desarrollo compartido: análisis de opinión en medios de comunicación España 2009 - 2010 / Professional migration EU. Opportunities for shared development: analysis of opinion in the media Spain 2009 - 2010

El siguiente estudio es un análisis descriptivo y comprensivo de prensa Española para la Acción financiada por la Comisión Europea en el marco del Programa Temático de Cooperación con Países Terceros en los ámbitos de Migración y Asilo, titulado "Migraciones profesionales LA-UE. Oportunidades para el desarrollo compartido" (Acción MPDC). El objetivo de la investigación es explorar y describir la migración de profesionales de la salud, medicina y enfermería, y sus consecuencias para el Sistema de Salud, así como todos aquellos temas vinculados al fenómeno; los procesos de homologación de títulos o la planificación de recursos humanos en España, a través de las noticias aparecidas en prensa general y especializada en el período de marzo/2009 a marzo/2010. Se espera, que los resultados obtenidos sean de utilidad para los objetivos propuestos en la Acción MPDC y en el desarrollo de políticas futuras que aborden el tema de las migraciones profesionales de la salud. (AU)

Migraciones profesionales la-UE. Oportunidades para el desarrollo compartido: análisis de políticas europeas / Professional migration EU. Opportunities for shared development: analysis of European policies

Este informe recoge un resumen de las políticas de cooperación referidas a la migración de profesionales de la salud, tanto de la Unión Europea (UE), como de los países Alemania, Bélgica, España, Finlandia, Francia, Italia, Noruega, Portugal, Reino Unido y Suecia. La UE lleva muchos años haciendo de la migración una de sus políticas prioritarias, abordando el tema de los flujos migratorios y la fuga de cerebros, especialmente en el sector salud, de una manera particular. Su estrategia al respecto ha venido enmarcada en el ámbito de su política de migración, basada en las conclusiones del Consejo de la UE de Tampere de 1999, en el Programa de la Haya de 2004 así como en el Enfoque Global de la Migración adoptado en 2005 y que define una acción y políticas coherentes en materia de migraciones cubriendo múltiples ámbitos de acción al respecto, como las relaciones exteriores, desarrollo y empleo, así como justicia, libertad y seguridad. Otros elementos destacables a este respecto son la promoción de la coherencia de las políticas para el desarrollo, el fomento de las sinergias entre migración y desarrollo así como el planteamiento "Health in All Policies" (HiAP), "salud en todas las políticas". (AU)