Association of Diet, Body Mass Index, and Lifestyle on the Gastrointestinal Health Risk in a Sample of Adults.

Gastrointestinal functional disorders are characterized by abnormalities in motility with visceral hypersensitivity, representing a global public health problem. We aimed to determine whether eating habits, lifestyle characteristics, and body mass index (BMI) are associated with gastrointestinal health risk. The Gastrointestinal Health (GIH) test of the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) and the Roma IV criteria were applied. We obtained information on food consumption habits and aerobic exercise, among other variables. Not exercising regularly, drinking water and eating vegetables less than recommended, having high body weight, and taking symptomatic medication were variables that explained 73% of the probabilities of not having good GIH (R2 = 0.734). According to Rome IV criteria, women had a 50% higher risk than men of having functional bowel disorder (RR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.45). Among the men studied, eating few or no vegetables and drinking less than 1 L of water daily was more frequent; however, the women had significantly more intestinal symptoms. In addition, constipation was higher among women than men (p = 0.020). All of the above explains the prognostic value of eating habits and the importance of paying attention to body weight to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal disease.

Disordered Eating Behaviors Are Associated with Gestational Weight Gain in Adolescents.

Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and adolescent pregnancy are public health problems. Among adolescents, there is little evidence concerning the relationship of DEB with gestational weight gain (GWG) and the birth weight and length of their offspring. We aimed to determine the association between DEB with GWG and the weight and length of adolescents' offspring. We conducted a study with 379 participants. To evaluate DEB, we applied a validated scale. We identified three factors from DEB by factorial analysis: restrictive, compensatory, and binge-purge behaviors. The main events were GWG and offspring's birth weight and length. We performed linear regression models. We found that 50% of adolescents have at least one DEB. Excessive and insufficient GWG were 37 and 34%, respectively. The median GWG was 13 kg; adolescents with restrictive behaviors had higher GWG (13 vs. 12 kg, p = 0.023). After adjusting for pregestational body mass index and other covariables, the restrictive (ß = 0.67, p = 0.039), compensatory (ß = 0.65, p = 0.044), and binge-purge behaviors (ß = 0.54, p = 0.013) were associated with higher GWG. We did not find an association between the birth weight and length of newborns with DEB, and suggest that DEB is associated with GWG but not with the birth weight or length of the offspring.

Dietary Knowledge and Myths Vary by Age and Years of Schooling in Pregnant Mexico City Residents.

Pregnancy is a stage in a woman's life when she is more open to receiving health advice, especially related to diet. However, women are often caught between receiving scientifically unfounded myths and concrete empirical knowledge. Culturally perpetuated myths may be acted upon more than knowledge, but research on these concepts, especially in the Americas, is scarce. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the frequency of diet and nutrition myths and knowledge and describe the associated factors in pregnant mothers receiving care in Mexico City. A total of 695 pregnant adults and 322 pregnant adolescents participated in this study, in which they responded to a questionnaire on nutrition and diet myths, knowledge, and practice during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The myths were examined individually, but for the purposes of statistical analysis, a score was obtained. We compared means of variables that could be associated to myth and knowledge scores, then calculated linear and logistical regressions. Forty-six percent of participants had below the mean myth scores. Ninety-two percent of participants had a knowledge score below the mean. Age (ß = 0.025, SE 0.007, 95% CI 0.011-0.040, p = 0.001) and years of education (ß = 0.166, SE 0.024, 95% CI 0.119-0.213, p = 0.001) explained the myth's score, while age explained the knowledge score (ß = 0.011, SE 0.020, 95% CI -0.032--0.008, p = 0.002). We found that although most women reported not believing in the myths, they acted on them. The probability of practicing such myths as "You must eat for two during pregnancy" was associated with being an adolescent (OR 1.76, p = 0.001) and being married (OR 1.47, p = 0.007), "Not satisfying cravings leave a mark on the infant's body" with being adolescent (OR 1.59, p = 0.003) and low socioeconomic level (OR 1.41, p = 0.038), "A frightened or angry mother should not nurse her baby" with being adult (OR 2.61, p = 0.004), and "Drinking atole or beer enhances breast milk production" with being single (OR 2.07, p = 0.001). The probability of not acting on some knowledge was associated with being an adolescent (p ≤ 0.003) and having a high school education or below (p ≤ 0.046). Almost all of our participants held at least one myth about nutrition and diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding; younger participants showed a higher frequency of holding myths. Years of schooling and age were associated with acting on myths and not acting on correct knowledge.

Detection of risk for type 2 diabetes and its relationship with metabolic alterations in nurses. / Risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com alterações metabólicas.

OBJECTIVE: to detect the risk of development of type 2 diabetes in nurses and its relationship with metabolic alterations. METHOD: cross-sectional study, with 155 nurses. The variables investigated were: sociodemographic, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip index, lipid profile, basal glycemia and oral glucose tolerance curve. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was used to collect data. RESULTS: 155 nurses were included, with an average age of 44 years and 85% were overweight or obese. 52% had a family history of diabetes and 21% had occasional hyperglycemia. With respect to the risk, 59% were identified with moderate and very high risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance increased in parallel to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes, although lipids did not increase. 27% of the sample had impaired fasting glycemia. 15% had glucose intolerance and 5% had type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: there was a high detection rate of people at risk for type 2 diabetes (59%) and the high and very high risk score was associated with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but not with lipids.

Burnout and Metabolic Syndrome in Female Nurses: An Observational Study.

Nurses are at risk of having burnout due to workload and job stress-studies have reported that chronic stress is associated with metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to assess the association between burnout and metabolic syndrome in a sample of female nurses. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018 in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. All nurses that work in the hospital were invited to participate. Information pertaining to sociodemographic (age, education level), work (labor seniority, service area, shift work), anthropometric (weight, waist circumference, blood pressure) and biochemical (glucose, serum lipids) variables were collected. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory test, and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. A total of 168 nurses participated with a median age of 44 years. The prevalence of burnout and metabolic syndrome was 19.6% and 38.7%, respectively. There was no association between burnout and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.373). However, associations of emotional exhaustion (aOR: 14.95; 95% CI: 1.5-148.7), personal accomplishment (aOR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.01-0.99), and night shift (aOR: 12.39; 95% CI: 1.02-150.5) with increased waist circumference were found. Strategies are needed to prevent burnout and metabolic syndrome in nurses, especially in those who work at night shift.

Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns.

It has been proposed that, in the Mexican culture, family support can be a factor that contributes to protect the maternal and child health of pregnant adolescents. There may be complex associations between family support and the circumstances of a pregnancy during adolescence. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the family support network (FSN) characteristic and the maternal and neonatal outcomes in Mexican adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 352 pregnant adolescents participated; their FSN during pregnancy was assessed. The gestational weight gain and birth weight/length of newborns were registered. The size of the FSN was described and divided into quartiles; the main members for each quartile were identified. Then, sociodemographic and clinical variables were compared by FSN quartiles. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association of FSN size and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our results indicate that the mean age was 15 ± 1 year old. The primary support member in the FSN was the mother of the adolescent in each quartile, except for quartile 3, where the primary support was the mother-in-law. In quartile 3 there was a significantly lower gestational weight gain compared to quartile 4 (11.8 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 5 kg, p = 0.054). According to the regression model, a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR 2.99, CI 95% 1.25⁻7.15) newborns was found in quartile 3. We conclude that the maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between quartiles of FSN size, except for quartile 3. Small for gestational age newborns were observed when a non-blood relative was present in the FSN. The quality rather than the network size might be more important for improving pregnancy outcomes.

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with the Knowledge and Use of Birth Control Methods in Adolescents before and after Pregnancy.

Adolescent pregnancy rates are high worldwide. However, insufficient information exists regarding the frequency of birth control methods used before the first pregnancy and postpartum. In the current study, we analyzed the association of sociodemographic factors with the knowledge of birth control methods and their use before and after pregnancy in a sample of adolescents in Mexico City. A cohort study was conducted on 600 pregnant adolescents in Mexico City, from 2013 to 2017, at a health care institution providing prenatal care. Participants were assessed during the second trimester and four months postpartum. The questionnaire explored the knowledge of birth control methods, their use, and other associated factors. Two logistic regression models were implemented to identify potential variables associated with the lack of birth control method use before and after pregnancy. The mean age of participants was 15.4 + 1 years, of which, 48% and 65.2% used a birth control method before pregnancy and postpartum, respectively. We found that the main factors associated with increased risk of not using any birth control method before pregnancy included being under the age of 15 years, school dropout, having an educational lag, initiation of sexual life before the age of 15, and having a mother who did not inform their child about contraceptives. By contrast, variables associated with a higher risk of not using any contraceptive methods after pregnancy included educational lag, lower level of education, and the fact that the adolescent had not used any birth control prior to the pregnancy.

Risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com alterações metabólicas / Detection of risk for type 2 diabetes and its relationship with metabolic alterations in nurses / Detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas en enfermeras

Objetivo: identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com as alterações metabólicas. Método: estudo transversal, com 155 enfermeiras. As variáveis investigadas foram: sociodemográficas, índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura, índice cintura-quadril, perfil lipídico, a glicemia basal e a curva oral de tolerância à glicose. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se o Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: Das 155 (100%) enfermeiras, a média de idade foi de 44 anos e 85% apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade; 52% tinham história familiar de diabetes e 21%, hiperglicemia ocasional. Em relação ao risco, 59% foram identificados com risco moderado e muito alto de diabetes tipo 2. A glicose, a insulina, a hemoglobina glicosilada A1c e a resistência à insulina aumentaram paralelamente ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2, embora os lipídios não tenham aumentado. 27% das participantes apresentaram glicemia em jejum alterada, 15%, intolerância à glicose e 5%, diabetes tipo 2. Conclusão: houve uma elevada taxa de detecção de risco de diabetes tipo 2 (59%) e a pontuação de risco alto e muito alto foi associado com níveis elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada A1c, glicose, insulina e resistência à insulina, mas não com lipídios.

Objective: to detect the risk of development of type 2 diabetes in nurses and its relationship with metabolic alterations. Method: cross-sectional study, with 155 nurses. The variables investigated were: sociodemographic, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip index, lipid profile, basal glycemia and oral glucose tolerance curve. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was used to collect data. Results: 155 nurses were included, with an average age of 44 years and 85% were overweight or obese. 52% had a family history of diabetes and 21% had occasional hyperglycemia. With respect to the risk, 59% were identified with moderate and very high risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance increased in parallel to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes, although lipids did not increase. 27% of the sample had impaired fasting glycemia. 15% had glucose intolerance and 5% had type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: there was a high detection rate of people at risk for type 2 diabetes (59%) and the high and very high risk score was associated with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but not with lipids.

Objetivo: identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 en enfermeras y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas. Método: estudio transversal, con 155 enfermeras. Las variables investigadas fueron: sociodemográficas, el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, índice cintura-cadera, perfil de lípidos, glucemia basal y curva de tolerancia oral a la glucosa. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: De las 155 enfermeras, la edad promedio fue 44 años y 85% tenía sobrepeso u obesidad. El 52% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes de primera línea, el 21% hiperglucemia ocasional. Con relación al riesgo, se identificaron 59% con riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado y muy alto. Glucosa, insulina, hemoglobina glucosa A1c y la resistencia a la insulina incrementaron paralelos al aumento del riesgo de diabetes tipo 2, aunque los lípidos no. El 27% de las enfermeras presentó glucemia basal alterada. El 15% tuvo intolerancia a la glucosa y 5% diabetes tipo 2. Conclusión: la detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 fue elevada (59%) y el puntaje de riesgo alto y muy alto se relacionó con valores mayores de hemoglobina glucosa A1c, glucosa, insulina y resistencia a la insulina pero no con lípidos.

Demographics and Psychological Factors Associated with Adiposity in Nurses.

Adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD), overweight-Ow- or obesity-Ob-) in health personnel is as frequent as in the general population, even though they understand well the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Thus, it is highly likely that certain demographic and psychological conditions, independently of knowledge, are contributing to develop ABCD. The aim of this study was to examine the association between these factors and ABCD in nurses. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary level institute in Mexico City from 2012 to 2013. All the nurses of the institute of any age, shift, service area and seniority were invited to participate and 55% (265) accepted. We found that ABCD was present in 79.6%, and low self-esteem and emotional distress in 26% and 10%, respectively. Working in the night shift (p = 0.031), labor seniority ≥15 years (p = 0.006), having 1 or more children (p = 0.021) and sessions of physical activity <30 min (p = 0.03) were associated with ABCD. Low self-esteem (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.150–3.07, p = 0.023) and emotional distress (OR = 4, 95% CI 1.472–13.078, p = 0.012) were associated with unhealthy lifestyle (less of 3 days per week and/or less of 30 min per session of physical activity and poor dietary habits). Therefore, strategies to prevent and treat ABCD must consider each context among nurses and psychological disorders need be identified to avoid an unhealthy lifestyle.

Family context and individual situation of teens before, during and after pregnancy in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: In the last 20 years, adolescent pregnancy has become one of the most critical problems affecting women in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: This qualitative study was based on in-depth interviews with 29 teen mothers. All of the pregnant teens were from low- to lower-middle-class social strata in the Mexico City metropolitan area. The family (living with the girl) and the individual context of pregnant teens were analysed on the basis of data from at least three interviews: during pregnancy and at approximately 6 and 24 months following delivery. Additionally, six mothers, four fathers, and four partners of the pregnant girls of the group were interviewed. The information on the individual and family situation before, during and after the pregnancy was recorded and transcribed, then analysed in three phases, comprising pre-analysis, exploration and interpretation. RESULTS: The pregnant teens had a family background of teen pregnancy. The girls disclosed feelings of repression, loneliness and indifference to their parents, leading them to unprotected sexual relations without fear of pregnancy. After the pregnancy, communication improved between the girls and their parents, but became worse with their partner. Consequently, these teens returned to feeling as they did before getting pregnant. They stated that they would make their situation work for the sake of their child, and regretted dropping out of school and getting pregnant so young. Almost all said they were seeking love outside the family, which revealed a scenario of limited communication and unsatisfactory relations within the family. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how communication works between parents and children is necessary to avoid teenage pregnancy, as well as early marriage or cohabitation, resulting in dropping out of school and financial constraints, which lead to great frustrations between the couple and affects the child. In addition, it is vitally important that adolescents be motivated in the family setting in order for them to continue their studies. There is also an urgent need to implement measures that compensate for educational inequality, as well as to strengthen strategies aimed at adolescent mothers and pregnant teens that encourage their school performance through the support of scholarship programs and day care centres. Many of the problems inherent in adolescence are related to the lack of affection and support, and in many cases are a reaction to authoritarian rules or limits established unilaterally by parents with little or no dialogue involved.

Serum Concentration of Leptin in Pregnant Adolescents Correlated with Gestational Weight Gain, Postpartum Weight Retention and Newborn Weight/Length.

Introduction: Gestational weight gain is an important modifiable factor known to influence fetal outcomes including birth weight and adiposity. Leptin is normally correlated with adiposity and is also known to increase throughout pregnancy, as the placenta becomes a source of leptin synthesis. Several studies have reported positive correlations between cord blood leptin level and either birthweight or size for gestational age, as well as body mass index (BMI). Objective: To determine the correlation of prenatal leptin concentration in pregnant adolescents with their gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, and weight/length of their newborn. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on pregnant Mexican adolescents from Gestational Week 26-28 to three months postpartum (n = 168 mother-child dyads). An anthropometric assessment was made of each pregnant adolescent, and the serum level of leptin and the intake of energy were determined. The newborn was evaluated each month during postpartum. Clinical records were reviewed to obtain sociodemographic data. Bivariate correlations, tests for repeating measurements and logistic regression models were performed. Results: Leptin concentration gradually increased during the third trimester of pregnancy. At Gestation Week 36, leptin level correlated with gestational weight gain. When comparing adolescents that had the lowest and highest concentration of leptin, the former presented a mean of 6 kg less in gestational weight gain (inter-subject leptin concentration, p = 0.001; inter-subject energy intake, p = 0.497). Leptin concentration and gestational weight gain exerted an effect on the weight of the newborn (inter-subject leptin concentration for Week 32, p = 0.024; inter-subject gestational weight gain, p = 0.011). Newborn length was associated with leptin concentration at Week 28 (leptin effect, p = 0.003; effect of gestational weight gain, p = 0.722). Conclusions: Pregnant adolescents with leptin concentration over 20 ng/mL showed a greater gestational weight gain. Leptin concentration correlated with length and weight of the newborn.

Acantosis nigricansis associated with risk factors related to cardiovascular disease in Mexican children with obesity.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in Mexican children has increased during the last decade, as has the risk of early onset metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association ofAcantosis nigricans (AN)with dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and risk factors related to eating behavior in overweight and obese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This transverse analytical study, conducted in two Mexico City primary schools, included 300 boys and girls. Information was gathered on hereditary and perinatal background. A physical examination provided data on the presence/absence of AN, blood pressure, weight and height. The BMI and Z-score were calculated. The serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides was quantified and the lipoprotein profile determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of AN was 41.7%. An association was found between ANand risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including BMI (rS 0.432; p < 0.0001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the 90th percentile (rS 0.231, p < 0.0001; rS 0.128, p = 0.026; respectively), hypertriglyceridemia (rS 0.156; p = 0.007), and low levels of cHDL (rS -0.160; p = 0.006). ANwas also associated with risk eating behavior, including dieting to lose weight (p = 0.004), losing control over eating (p = 0.023), and body fat percentage above the 90th percentile (χ2 = 35.1; p = 0.0001). No association was observed between ANand serum glucose concentration (rS -0.018; p = 0.759). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association of ANwith a low concentration of cHDL (RM: 1.726; p = 0.041) and a high percentage of body fat (> 48%) (RM: 3.591; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ANwas found in overweight and obese children. There was an association between ANand risk factors of cardiovascular disease, including Z-score, BMI, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure.

Acantosis nigricans is associated with risk factors related to cardiovascular disease in Mexican children with obesity / La Acantosis nigricans se asocia con factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares en niños mexicanos con obesidad

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in Mexican children has increased during the last decade, as has the risk of early onset metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the association of Acantosis nigricans (AN) with dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and risk factors related to eating behavior in overweight and obese children. Patients and methods: This transverse analytical study, conducted in two Mexico City primary schools, included 300 boys and girls. Information was gathered on hereditary and perinatal background. A physical examination provided data on the presence/absence of AN, blood pressure, weight and height. The BMI and Z-score were calculated. The serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides was quantified and the lipoprotein profile determined. Results: The prevalence of AN was 41.7%. An association was found between AN and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including BMI (rS 0.432; p < 0.0001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the 90th percentile (rS 0.231, p < 0.0001; rS 0.128, p = 0.026; respectively), hypertriglyceridemia (rS 0.156; p = 0.007), and low levels of cHDL (rS -0.160; p = 0.006). AN was also associated with risk eating behavior, including dieting to lose weight (p = 0.004), losing control over eating (p = 0.023), and body fat percentage above the 90th percentile (χ2 = 35.1; p = 0.0001). No association was observed between AN and serum glucose concentration (rS -0.018; p = 0.759). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association of AN with a low concentration of cHDL (RM: 1.726; p = 0.041) and a high percentage of body fat (> 48%) (RM: 3.591; p = 0.001). Conclusion: A high prevalence of AN was found in overweight and obese children. There was an association between AN and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, including Z-score, BMI, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure (AU)

Introducción: la mayor prevalencia de obesidad en la población infantil mexicana durante la última década incrementa el riesgo de presentar trastornos metabólicos y enfermedades cardiovasculares a edades cada vez más tempranas. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre Acantosis nigricans(AN) con dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y conductas alimentarias de riesgo en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad. Pacientes y métodos: estudio transversal analítico realizado en dos escuelas públicas de la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de México donde participaron 300 niños, de ambos sexos, obteniéndose información de los antecedentes heredofamiliares y perinatales. Con la exploración física se valoró la presencia o ausencia de AN y presión sanguínea. Se pesó y midió a los escolares, se calculó el IMC y se estimó su puntaje Z. Se cuantificó la concentración sérica de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y perfil de lipoproteínas. Resultados: la prevalencia de AN fue 41,7%, al determinar la asociación entre la AN y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, se identificó una asociación con el IMC (rS 0.432; p 48%) (RM: 3.591; p = 0,001). Conclusión: se observó una alta prevalencia de AN en niños con sobrepeso u obesidad y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular: puntaje Z del IMC, dislipidemia y las cifras tensionales elevadas (AU)

Satisfacción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos y su relación con la autopercepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal real / Body image satisfaction in Mexican adolescents and adults and its relation with body selfperception and real body mass index

Introducción: La percepción que se tengan de la imagen corporal (IC) podría determinar la búsqueda de atención nutricia, aunque no siempre hay concordancia del índice de masa corporal (IMC) autopercibido con el real. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC autopercibido con el real y su relación con la satisfacción de la IC en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, con 556 participantes: 330 adolescentes y 217 adultos, con las siguientes evaluaciones: de autopercepción y de la satisfacción de la IC; asimismo, antropométrica. Resultados: El IMC fue mayor entre adultos 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001, quienes duplicaron la cifra de sobrepeso y obesidad de los adolescentes 79% vs 43%. La mitad de todos los participantes tuvo concordancia de su IMC percibido con el real (p<0.001). De los adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad 68% estuvieron satisfechos con su IC, mientras que en los adolescentes esto correspondió a más del 80%. Las variables predictoras de insatisfacción de la IC fueron ser adulto, ser mujer y tener sobrepeso/obesidad (p=0.013). Los que refirieron que su figura corporal les inspiraba un juicio positivo reportaron estar satisfechos con su IC y la mayoría presentaron un IMC real de normal o sobrepeso. Conclusiones: En la mitad de los participantes hubo concordancia entre la IC autopercibida y el IMC real. La satisfacción con la IC fue más frecuente entre los de menor IMC real y autopercibido, pero una gran proporción de los de sobrepeso y obesidad también refirieron satisfacción con su IC, aunque sea una condición de riesgo (AU)

Introduction: Body Image (BI) perception could determine the nutritional care search, even though there is not always concordance between the real BMI and the self-perceived one. Objetive: To determine the correlation between self-perceived and real BMI, and their relation with body image (BI) satisfaction in a sample of Mexican adolescents and adults. Subjects and methods: An cross-sectional and analytical study, conformed by 556 participants; of which 330were adolescents and 217 were adults with anthropometric, self-perception and BI satisfaction assessment. Results: The BMI was higher 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001in adults, which doubled the level of overweight and obesity present in the adolescents 79% vs 43%. About 50%of participants had concordance between their real BMI and their perceived one (p<0.001). Of all adults with overweight and obesity 68% had satisfaction with their BI, whereas the prevalence of satisfaction with the BI in adolescents was 80%. The predictive variables of BI insatisfaction were being an adult, being a woman and having overweight/obesity (p=0.013). Those ones who referred a positive judgment about their BI, they also reported being satisfied with their BI and presented a real normal or overweight BMI. Conclusions: Half of the participants had concordance of their perceived BI with their real BMI. The satisfaction with BI was more frequent between the lower real and perceived BMI, but subjects with overweight and obesity also reported satisfaction with their BI even though it is considered a risk condition (AU)

[Experiences, perceptions and self-management of gestational diabetes in a group of overweight multiparous women]. / Experiencia y percepciones de la diabetes gestacional y su automanejo en un grupo de mujeres multíparas con sobrepeso.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a public health problem in Mexico and diet therapy is the main form of treatment. Self-management abilities are required to control the disease. Five women with GDM were studied to assess GDM risk perception and experiences related with self-management practices. Sociodemographic data were obtained and in-depth interviews were conducted and subsequently analyzed using Atlas ti V.5 software. The results revealed that women were conscious regarding the role of diet and physical activity in improving GDM control, and about the perinatal risks associated with the disease. Adherence to diet recommendations was partial, but gradual and positive lifestyle changes were observed. Emotionally, perception about having GDM was a key factor with respect to adhering to the diet. In conclusion, the medical and dietary treatment influences the cultural food behavior of women with GDM. Health professionals should consider sociocultural determinants when designing and implementing treatment strategies.

Experiencia y percepciones de la diabetes gestacional y su automanejo en un grupo de mujeres multíparas con sobrepeso / Experiences, perceptions and self-management of gestational diabetes in a group of overweight multiparous women

La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) es un problema de salud pública en México, cuya primer línea de tratamiento es la dietoterapia. Se requieren habilidades de automanejo para el control de la enfermedad. En este trabajo se estudiaron cinco mujeres con DMG, quienes manifestaron su percepción de riesgo de la presencia de la DMG y vivencias en algunas prácticas del autocuidado. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos; se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad, las cuales se analizaron con el paquete Atlas ti V.5. Los resultados demuestran que las mujeres están conscientes del papel que juega la alimentación y la actividad física en mejorar el control de su enfermedad, además de los riesgos perinatales a los que se asocia la DMG. El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones dietéticas en su mayoría fue parcial, pero se demuestran cambios positivos y graduales en el estilo de vida. Las percepciones desde las emociones que les produce la DMG, fue factor clave para que llevaran a cabo la dieta. En conclusión, el tratamiento médico y dietético influye en el comportamiento cultural alimentario de las mujeres con DMG. Los profesionales de la salud deben tomar en cuenta los determinantes socioculturales al diseñar e implementar estrategias de tratamiento.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a public health problem in Mexico and diet therapy is the main form of treatment. Self-management abilities are required to control the disease. Five women with GDM were studied to assess GDM risk perception and experiences related with self-management practices. Sociodemographic data were obtained and in-depth interviews were conducted and subsequently analyzed using Atlas ti V.5 software. The results revealed that women were conscious regarding the role of diet and physical activity in improving GDM control, and about the perinatal risks associated with the disease. Adherence to diet recommendations was partial, but gradual and positive lifestyle changes were observed. Emotionally, perception about having GDM was a key factor with respect to adhering to the diet. In conclusion, the medical and dietary treatment influences the cultural food behavior of women with GDM. Health professionals should consider sociocultural determinants when designing and implementing treatment strategies.

[Body image satisfaction in Mexican adolescents and adults and its relation with body selfperception and real body mass index]. / Satisfacción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos y su relación con la autopercepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal real.

INTRODUCTION: Body Image (BI) perception could determine the nutritional care search, even though there is not always concordance between the real BMI and the self-perceived one. OBJETIVE: To determine the correlation between self-perceived and real BMI, and their relation with body image (BI) satisfaction in a sample of Mexican adolescents and adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An cross-sectional and analytical study, conformed by 556 participants; of which 330 were adolescents and 217 were adults with anthropometric, self-perception and BI satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: The BMI was higher 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001 in adults, which doubled the level of overweight and obesity present in the adolescents 79% vs 43%. About 50% of participants had concordance between their real BMI and their perceived one (p<0.001). Of all adults with overweight and obesity 68% had satisfaction with their BI, whereas the prevalence of satisfaction with the BI in adolescents was 80%. The predictive variables of BI insatisfaction were being an adult, being a woman and having overweight/obesity (p=0.013). Those ones who referred a positive judgment about their BI, they also reported being satisfied with their BI and presented a real normal or overweight BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the participants had concordance of their perceived BI with their real BMI. The satisfaction with BI was more frequent between the lower real and perceived BMI, but subjects with overweight and obesity also reported satisfaction with their BI even though it is considered a risk condition.

Introducción: La percepción que se tengan de la imagen corporal (IC) podría determinar la búsqueda de atención nutricia, aunque no siempre hay concordancia del índice de masa corporal (IMC) autopercibido con el real. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC autopercibido con el real y su relación con la satisfacción de la IC en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, con 556 participantes: 330 adolescentes y 217 adultos, con las siguientes evaluaciones: de autopercepción y de la satisfacción de la IC; asimismo, antropométrica. Resultados: El IMC fue mayor entre adultos 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p.

Effects of breastfeeding on weight loss and recovery of pregestational weight in adolescent and adult mothers.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in adolescent mothers has been associated with greater postpartum maternal weight loss. OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between EBF and weight loss in adolescent and adult mothers and between EBF and weight and length gain of their children. METHODS: A cohort of 68 adolescent mothers (15 to 19 years), 64 adult mothers (20 to 29 years), and their infants were studied. Anthropometric measurements were performed at 15, 90, 180, and 365 days postpartum in the mothers and children. EBF was defined as consumption of human milk without supplementation of any type (water, juice, nonhuman milk, or food) for 4 months. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of mothers sustained EBF for 4 months. There were no significant differences in the weight or length of the infants of adolescent and adult mothers at 365 days postpartum. Among infants of adult mothers, there was a significant difference between the weight gain of those were exclusively breastfed and those who were not exclusively breastfed (6,498 +/- 1,060 vs 6,096 +/- 1,035 g, p < .050) at 365 days postpartum, according to the parameters for weight gain and length established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Among both adult and adolescent mothers, those who practiced EBF lost more weight than those who did not practice EBF (-2.9 kg, 95% interquartile range, -5.7 to 0.8 kg, vs -1.8 kg 95% interquartile range -2.8 to 2.2 kg; p = .004). Gestational weight gain, duration of EBF, and recovery menstruation explained 21% of the variance (F = 28.184, p = .001) in change in postpartum maternal weight (in kilograms) from 0 to 365 days postpartum in all mothers. Pregestational weight, duration of EBF, and maternal age were factors that explained 14% (F = 22.759, p = .001) of the change in the weight and length of the infants from 0 to 365 days of life. CONCLUSIONS: EBF in adolescent and adult mothers influences postpartum weight loss and provides adequate infant growth in accordance with the WHO 2006 standards.