ABSTRACT
Most cases of invasive aspergillosis are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, whose conidia are ubiquitous in the environment. Additionally, in indoor environments, such as houses or hospitals, conidia are frequently detected too. Hospital-acquired aspergillosis is usually associated with airborne fungal contamination of the hospital air, especially after building construction events. A. fumigatus strain typing can fulfill many needs both in clinical settings and otherwise. The high incidence of aspergillosis in COVID patients from our hospital, made us wonder if they were hospital-acquired aspergillosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the hospital environment was the source of aspergillosis infection in CAPA patients, admitted to the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, or whether it was community-acquired aspergillosis before admission. During 2020, sixty-nine A. fumigatus strains were collected for this study: 59 were clinical isolates from 28 COVID-19 patients, and 10 strains were environmentally isolated from seven hospital rooms and intensive care units. A diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis was based on the ECCM/ISHAM criteria. Strains were genotyped by PCR amplification and sequencing of a panel of four hypervariable tandem repeats within exons of surface protein coding genes (TRESPERG). A total of seven genotypes among the 10 environmental strains and 28 genotypes among the 59 clinical strains were identified. Genotyping revealed that only one environmental A. fumigatus from UCI 5 (box 54) isolated in October (30 October 2020) and one A. fumigatus isolated from a COVID-19 patient admitted in Pneumology (Room 532-B) in November (24 November 2020) had the same genotype, but there was a significant difference in time and location. There was also no relationship in time and location between similar A. fumigatus genotypes of patients. The global A. fumigatus, environmental and clinical isolates, showed a wide diversity of genotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first study monitoring and genotyping A. fumigatus isolates obtained from hospital air and COVID-19 patients, admitted with aspergillosis, during one year. Our work shows that patients do not acquire A. fumigatus in the hospital. This proves that COVID-associated aspergillosis in our hospital is not a nosocomial infection, but supports the hypothesis of "community aspergillosis" acquisition outside the hospital, having the home environment (pandemic period at home) as the main suspected focus of infection.
ABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Monitoring/methods , Drug Monitoring/trends , Health Services SurveillanceABSTRACT
Introducción. La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) señala, en su informe sobre políticas de salud de 2017 que, España es uno de los países con mayor consumo en antibióticos, 21,6 DHD (dosis diaria definida por 1000 habitantes y día) en 2014 superior a los 20,5 DHD de media en sus países, situándose según el European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) en el puesto 11 de 30 países europeos en 2016. La prescripción ambulatoria de atención especializada se analiza con menor frecuencia, debido a la mayor contribución en consumo y gasto de la atención primaria. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, y retrospectivo del consumo y gasto del grupo J01 derivado de la prescripción ambulatoria (consulta externa y urgencias) de los hospitales públicos generales de Asturias, en una década (2006- 2015). Se estudió el consumo a través de la base de datos de facturación de receta del Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias, los datos demográficos se obtuvieron del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. El consumo se expresó en DHD y el gasto: en gasto por habitante e importe por dosis diaria definida. Resultados. El consumo medio ambulatorio global del periodo fue de 23,4 DHD, correspondiendo el 11,5% (2,7 DHD) a la receta ambulatoria de atención especializada. En términos de gasto, supuso el 13,6% del gasto global ambulatorio en antibióticos. Conclusiones. Gasto y consumo tuvieron tendencias opuestas, las medidas de control del gasto no tuvieron, o tuvieron poco impacto en consumo, por tanto, se precisan en este ámbito medidas de racionalización independientes y específicas (AU)
Introduction. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) emphasize, in its report on health policies from 2017 that, Spain is one of the countries with largest consumption of antibiotics, 21.6 DHD (defined daily dose per 1000 inhibitants per day) in 2014 greater than the average 20.5 DHD in their countries, ranking according to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in the 11th place out of 30 European countries in 2016. The outpatient prescription of specialized care is analyzed less frequently, due to the greater contribution in consumption and expenditure of primary care. Material and methods. A descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of the consumption and expenditure of the J01 group derived from outpatient prescription (outpatient and urgent care) of public hospitals in Asturias, in a period of ten years (2006-2015). Consumption data were obtained using the database of prescription billing of the Health Service of the Principality of Asturias, demographic data were provided by the National Institute of Statistics. Consumption was expressed in DHD and antibiotics expenditure in: expenditure per capita and expenditure in euros per defined daily dose. Results. The average global ambulatory consumption for the period was 23.4 DHD, corresponding 11.5% (2.7 DHD) to the ambulatory specialty care prescription. In terms of expenditure, it accounted for 13.6% of overall outpatient spending on antibiotics. Conclusions. Outlay and consumption had opposite tendencies, the expenditure control measures did not have or had little impact on consumption, therefore, independent and specific rationalization measures are required in this area (AU)
