Objective measured physical activity and metabolic syndrome score in children and adolescents: The UP&DOWN longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of physical activity (PA) levels and PA patterns with metabolic syndrome score (MetS) in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 175 children (82 females) and 188 adolescents (95 females) were included. Objective PA levels and patterns were determined by accelerometry. MetS was computed from waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels. Different linear regression models were implemented to examine the associations of PA with MetS. RESULTS: Vigorous PA, moderate-vigorous PA, number of bouts per day in 10 min (N10), and total time in bouts per day in 10 min (T10) were negatively associated with MetS in male children and adolescents at cross-sectional level (ß ranging from -0.005 to -0.164, all p < 0.05). Total time in bouts per day in 20 min in male children, and vigorous PA and N10 in female children were longitudinally and negatively associated with MetS (ß ranging from -0.011 to -0.247, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Associations of PA and MetS were observed at cross-sectional level in males and longitudinally in female children. The associations in PA patterns were found when patterns were grouped into bouts of 10 min. Therefore, for future studies of PA with health markers in the pediatric population, it would be advisable to choose bouts of shorter duration.

Criterion-related validity and reliability of the 2-km walk test and the 20-m shuttle run test in adults: The role of sex, age and physical activity level.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the criterion-related validity and the reliability of fitness field tests for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in adults, by sex, age, and physical activity level. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: During 3 weeks, sociodemographic, anthropometric measurements, a treadmill maximal test, the 2-km walk test, and the 20-m SRT were performed in 410 adults aged 18-64 years. Measured and estimated VO2max (by Oja's and Leger's equations) were analyzed. RESULTS: Measured VO2max was associated with estimated VO2max by the 2-km walk test and 20-m SRT (r = 0.784 and r = 0.875, respectively; both p < 0.01). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of -0.30 ml* kg-1 * min-1 (p < 0.001, d = -0.141) in the 2-km walk test, and 0.86 ml* kg-1 * min-1 (p = 0.051) in the 20-m SRT. Significant mean differences between test and retest were found in the time to complete the 2-km walk test (-1.48 ±â€¯0.51 s, p = 0.004, d = -0.014) and in the final stage reached in the 20-m SRT (0.04 ±â€¯0.01, p = 0.002, d = 0.015). Non-significant differences were found between test and retest in the estimated VO2max by Oja's (-0.29 ±â€¯0.20 ml* kg-1 * min-1, p > 0.05) and Leger's eqs. (0.03 ±â€¯0.04 ml* kg-1 * min-1, p > 0.05). Moreover, both test results and estimated VO2max equations showed a high test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Both tests were valid and reliable for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in adults aged 18-64 years, regardless of sex, age, and physical activity level.

Programa de entrenamiento óptimo durante el embarazo en la prevención de la hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia: una revisión sistemática / Optimal training program during pregnancy to prevent gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: a systematic review

La hipertensión gestacional (HTG) y preeclampsia son trastornos hipertensivos, y la principal causa mundial de mortalidadmaterna y perinatal. Actualmente, la evidencia avala el beneficio del ejercicio físico (EF) moderado durante embarazos sincomplicaciones en la prevención de HTG y preeclampsia. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia sobre qué tipo de entrenamientoes más eficaz para su prevención. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar qué tipo de ejercicio, duración de la intervención y sesión, frecuencia e intensidadproducen mayores beneficios en la prevención de la HTG y preeclampsia en mujeres con embarazos sin complicaciones. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda exhaustiva en PubMed y Web of Science hasta el 21 de octubre de 2020. De 705 estudios en-contrados, analizamos 14 artículos originales de intervención a texto completo en inglés o español, con un programa de EFen embarazadas sin complicaciones, que evaluaran la presión arterial e incluyeran en su metodología, al menos, frecuencia,duración, intensidad o tipo de ejercicio. El entrenamiento en mujeres sanas con embarazos sin complicaciones reduce la incidencia de HTG y preeclampsia. El programacon más beneficios es el entrenamiento concurrente combinado con flexibilidad, con una duración mínima de 29 semanas,desde la 8ª-9ª semana gestacional hasta la 36, pudiendo extenderse hasta el final del embarazo. Se recomienda una frecuenciade entrenamiento igual o mayor a 3 días semanales, con sesiones al 50-70% de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima y 10-14 sobre20 en la Escala de Borg, con una duración de 45 y 60 minutos por sesión.(AU)

Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are hypertensive disorders which are the world’s leading cause of maternaland perinatal mortality. Currently, evidences support the benefit of moderate physical exercise (PE) during uncomplicatedpregnancies in the prevention of HTG and pre-eclampsia. However, there is no evidence on which kind of training is moreeffective for its prevention. The aim of this study was to analyze which kind of exercise, duration of the intervention and session, frequency and intensityproduce the greatest benefits in the prevention of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia in women with uncompli-cated pregnancies.An exhaustive search of PubMed and Web of Science was carried out until October 21, 2020. From 705 studies found, weanalyzed 14 original full-text intervention articles in English or Spanish, with a PE program in pregnant women withoutcomplications, evaluating BP and including in their methodology, at least, frequency, duration, intensity, or kind of exercise. Exercise training in healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies reduces the incidence of HTG and preeclampsia. Theprogram with most benefits is concurrent training combined with flexibility, with a minimum duration of 29 weeks, fromthe 8th-9th gestational week to 36, but can be extended until the end of pregnancy. It’s recommended to get to a trainingfrequency equal to or greater than 3 days a week, with sessions at 50-70% of the maximum heart rate and 10-14 on the BorgScale, and a duration of 45 and 60 minutes per session.(AU)