ABSTRACT
1. It is generally recognized that the vasodilator hydralazine produces hypotension accompanied by baroreflex-mediated tachycardia. In some experimental conditions, however, the accompanying heart rate change is bradycardia, a paradoxical response which has not been satisfactorily explained. The present study examined the possibility of hydralazine-induced bradycardia being mediated by vagal or sympathetic afferents activated by changes in left ventricular pressure. 2. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate responses to hydralazine were recorded in conscious normotensive intact rats by a tail cuff method and compared with responses in animals subjected to previous sino-aortic deafferentation (SAD) to remove the influence of the arterial baroreflex. Responses were also obtained after blockade of myocardial afferent vagal C-fibres with urethane, of efferent vagal impulses to the heart with methylatropine, of positive inotropic effects of hydralazine with atenolol, and of prostanoid sensitization of myocardial nerve fibres with indomethacin. 3. Hydralazine produced hypotension and tachycardia in intact rats, and hypotension and bradycardia in SAD animals. In intact rats, this pattern was not affected by any of the pretreatments, while in SAD rats, all pretreatments reversed the bradycardia to hydralazine. 4. The present results indicate that suppression of the arterial baroreflex by SAD propitiates the appearance of a bradycardiac response to hydralazine. This reaction probably results from activation of a vagal cardiodepressant reflex originating in the heart, as suggested by its blockade by drugs acting at various sites along the reflex arch.
Subject(s)
Bradycardia/physiopathology , Carotid Sinus/drug effects , Carotid Sinus/innervation , Consciousness/drug effects , Hydralazine/administration & dosage , Animals , Aorta/physiology , Baroreflex/drug effects , Baroreflex/physiology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Blood Pressure/physiology , Bradycardia/chemically induced , Carotid Sinus/physiology , Consciousness/physiology , Denervation , Heart Rate/drug effects , Heart Rate/physiology , Male , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
High doses of isoniazid increase hypotension induced by vasodilators and change the accompanying reflex tachycardia to bradycardia, an interaction attributed to decreased synthesis of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, the possible enhancement by isoniazid of bradycardia induced by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists was determined in rats anaesthetised with chloralose-urethane. Isoniazid significantly increased bradycardia after propranolol, pindolol, labetalol and atenolol, as well as after clonidine, but not after hexamethonium or carbachol. Enhancement was not observed in rats pretreated with methylatropine or previously vagotomised. These results are compatible with interference by isoniazid with GABAergic inhibition of cardiac parasympathetic tone. Such interference could be exerted centrally, possibly at the nucleus ambiguus, or peripherally at the sinus node.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Bradycardia/chemically induced , GABA Antagonists/pharmacology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Isoniazid/pharmacology , Animals , Drug Interactions , Male , RatsABSTRACT
The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 micrograms/kg. BP began to decrease immediately after drug administration, and in no case was an initial pressor response observed. Previous vagotomy (VX) or pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not affect hypotension. Bradycardia was inhibited by VX, but only 60 min after administration of HU-210; it was enhanced by 6-OHDA. The cannabinoid blocked reflex bradycardia induced by phenylephrine (PE). HU-210 also decreased BP and HR in conscious rats. Hypotension lasted 2 h, whereas bradycardia was still present 8 h after drug administration. HU-210 thus shares with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the ability to decrease BP and HR, but is 5-10 times more potent than the natural compound. Its lack of an initial pressor effect, such as that described for THC, could be related to its specificity for the type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor. Hypotension and bradycardia after HU-210 administration are not due to sympathetic withdrawal. Enhanced parasympathetic tone is involved in bradycardia only at a late stage of the response.
