Validation of the Working Alliance Inventory- Short Form for Patient (WAI-S-P) in Peruvian Adults.

Background: Although the importance of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment process and health outcomes is recognized, so far, there has been no evaluation in the Peruvian context that considers possible individual differences that could influence this assessment. Purpose: This study assessed the psychometric properties of the WAI-S-P in a sample of individuals from Peru who are receiving psychological therapy. Furthermore, a network analysis was conducted to investigate the direct relationships between the therapeutic alliance and several relevant sociodemographic variables. Methods: The short version of the Working Alliance Inventory was used in a sample of 241 participants (Mage=32.58, SD=12.67) that had attended less than 6 sessions. Three models were considered, including a three-factor and a two-factor correlated model, as well as a bifactor model. In addition, a network of partial associations was created including the overall therapeutic alliance, sex, age, and number of psychotherapeutic sessions. Results: The bifactor model, with an overall therapeutic alliance factor and two specific factors ("contact" and "contract"), better fit the data. Invariance of the structure by sex and age showed equitable measurement. On the other hand, network analysis revealed a positive correlation between total session attendance and therapeutic alliance. Men reported higher therapeutic alliance, while women had higher total session attendance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the therapeutic alliance is better represented by a bifactor model and demonstrates invariance across sex and age in Peruvian adults. Additionally, findings indicate that differences in life experiences and the sex of patients may need to be verified in future studies to better understand nuanced needs in forming therapeutic alliances at least in the early stages of session attendance.

Bifactor SEM and MIRT Structure of a 12-Item Human Immunodeficiency Virus Stigma Scale in Peruvian Adults.

BACKGROUND: The stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to prejudice and discrimination against people who have been infected by this virus, consequently, it is important to have a validated tool to measure this phenomenon. However, there is only 1 national precedent that has validated the scores of this instrument in its 21-item version. Therefore, this study examined the bifactor structural equation method (SEM) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) structure of a 12-item human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in Peruvian adults. METHODS: We evaluated 342 patients (57.6% female and 42.45% male) diagnosed with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) from a hospital located in East Lima, aged 18 to 45 years (M = 31.4, SD = 9.79). A SEM was used to test 2 measurement models, a 4-factor correlated oblique model and a bifactor model due to high interfactor relationships. RESULTS: Acceptable fit indices were identified for the oblique model (χ2/df = 1.26, SRMR = 0.044, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.028 [0.000-0.047], CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In the same way, similar results were evident for the bifactor model (χ2/df = 1.14, SRMR = 0.039, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.020 [0.000-0.044], CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997), however, in the latter it showed a greater explanation for the unidimensional model (H = 0.87, PUC = 0.82, LCA = 0.70), which was also evidenced by the bifactor MIRT analysis. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the 12-item HIV Stigma Scale meets the psychometric properties of internal structure and unifactorial reliability.

Estructura factorial y datos normativos del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II) en población general peruana / Factor structure and normative data of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in the general Peruvian population

Resumen El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar la dimensionalidad del BDI-II, así como demostrar la invarianza según el sexo y construir datos normativos en población general peruana. Para ello, se contó con la participación de 1665 personas (51.83 % mujeres) procedentes de diferentes regiones del Perú (75.92 % de Cajamarca, 11.05 % de Lima, 6.42 % de La Libertad y 2.62 % de Lambayeque), con un rango de edad de 18 a 54 años (M = 24.99; DE = 8.73), a quienes se les administró el BDI-II. Mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio se probaron catorce modelos basados en estudios previos. Los resultados indicaron que los modelos bifactor y de segundo orden tenían problemas de convergencia, mientras que los bidimensionales y el unifactorial presentaban adecuados índices de ajuste. Se seleccionó el modelo unidimensional debido a su coherencia teórica, pues los creadores del BDI-II señalan que la prueba se debe interpretar de manera global, sumando los 21 ítems, y desaconsejan la interpretación mediante el cálculo de puntajes separados por dimensiones. Incluso, los antecedentes indican que la varianza explicada del segundo factor es muy baja, por lo cual dicha práctica estaría injustificada. Además, los estudios previos han señalado correlaciones interfactoriales muy altas. Finalmente, se demostró invarianza según el sexo, y los datos normativos, calculados mediante percentiles, mostraron que las puntuaciones superiores a 11 serían clínicamente relevantes. En conclusión, el BDI-II muestra buenas propiedades psicométricas en una estructura unidimensional con 21 ítems, la cual es invariante según el sexo y tiene datos normativos adecuados para población general peruana.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the dimensionality of BDI-II, as well as to demonstrate gender invariance and construct normative data in the general Peruvian population. For this purpose, the BDI-II was administered to 1665 participants (51.83% women) from different cities of Peru (75.92% from Cajamarca, 11.05% from Lima, 6.42% from La Libertad and 2.62% from Lambayeque), with an age range of 18 to 54 years (M = 24.99; SD = 8.73). Fourteen models, based on previous studies, were tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated that the bifactor and second-order models had convergence problems, whereas the two-dimensional and unifactor models had adequate goodness-of-fit indices. The unidimensional model was selected due to its theoretical coherence, since the BDI-II creators point out that the test should be interpreted globally by adding the 21 items, and discourage interpretations by calculating scores separated by dimensions. Furthermore, the antecedents indicate that the variance explained by the second factor is very low. Therefore, this approach would be unjustified. In addition, previous studies have indicated very high interfactor correlations. Finally, gender invariance was demonstrated, and normative data were calculated using percentiles, indicating that scores above 11 would be clinically relevant. In conclusion, the BDI-II has good psychometric properties in a unidimensional structure with 21 items, which is sex invariant and has adequate normative data for the general Peruvian population.

Una aproximación al significado del amor en una población infantil en Lima, Perú / An approach An approach to the meaning of love in a child population in Lima, Peru

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo aproximarse al significado del amor, a través de su expresión escrita, en una muestra de niños y niñas de Lima Metropolitana de Perú, y examinar sus diferencias según sexo y edad. En total, se contó con la participación de 289 individuos divididos en dos muestras: una muestra exploratoria (n = 50) y otra de confirmación (n = 239). El estudio siguió una metodología mixta, a partir del análisis temático como técnica cualitativa para identificar códigos subyacentes a la definición de amor de los niños, y del análisis clúster jerárquico como técnica cuantitativa para generar un dendrograma. Los resultados revelaron la presencia de seis categorías centrales: relación con otros significativos cercanos, romanticismo y amor propio, relación característica entre adultos, estado positivo, afectividad, y apoyo incondicional. A partir de ello, se concluye que el concepto de amor durante la niñez integra tres categorías del esquema interpretativo de las emociones: contextual o elicitador, experiencia subjetiva, y tendencia expresiva/motivacional.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to approach the meaning of love, through its written expression, in a sample of boys and girls from Metropolitan Lima, Peru, and to examine its differences according to sex and age. A total of 289 children participated in the study, divided into two samples: an exploratory sample (n = 50) and a confirmatory sample (n = 239). The study followed a mixed methodology, using thematic analysis as a qualitative technique to identify codes underlying the children's definition of love, and hierarchical cluster analysis as a quantitative technique to generate a dendrogram. The results revealed the presence of six central categories: relationship with significant others, romanticism and self-love, characteristic relationship between adults, positive state, affectivity, and unconditional support. From this, it is concluded that the concept of love during childhood integrates three categories of the interpretative scheme of emotions: contextual or elicitor, subjective experience, and expressive/motivational tendency.

Psychometric properties of the UWES-9S in Peruvian college students / Propiedades psicométricas de la UWES-9S en estudiantes universitarios peruanos

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal structure dimensionality of the Utrech Work Engagement Scale -Student (UWES-9S) and its association with the academic procrastination reported by 321 psychology students from a private university in Cajamarca (Peru) ranging between 17 and 41 years old (79% women; M age = 22.50 years; 84% between 17 and 25 years old). The UWES-9S and the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) were used and both a confirmatory and a bifactor analysis were conducted on the UWES-9S, as well as a structural regression analysis that specified the influence of the general and specific dimensions of engagement on the dimensions of academic procrastination. Regarding the results, the bifactor model is the one that best defines the construct, whereas the general dimension of engagement has a greater influence on the dimensions of academic procrastination than the specific ones. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, as well as the need to focus on the students' positive resources in order to achieve greater involvement in their academic work.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la dimensionalidad de la estructura interna de la versión para estudiantes de la Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9S), así como su asociación con la procrastinación académica en 321 estudiantes de psicología de una universidad privada de Cajamarca, Perú, con edades entre los 17 y los 41 años (79 % mujeres; M edad = 22.50 años; 84 % entre 17 y 25 años). Para esto, se administró la UWES-9S y la Escala de Procrastinación Académica (EPA), y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio y bifactor para la UWES-9S, así como un análisis de regresión estructural para identificar la influencia de las dimensiones general y específicas del engagement sobre las dimensiones de la procrastinación académica. Como resultados, el modelo bifactor muestra una mejor definición del constructo, y la dimensión general del engagement presenta mayor influencia sobre las dimensiones de la procrastinación académica que las específicas. Al final se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los hallazgos, así como la necesidad de enfocarse en los recursos positivos de los estudiantes con el fin de que logren un mayor involucramiento en sus labores académicas.

Fear of Loneliness: Development and Validation of a Brief Scale.

This research aims to develop and validate a Spanish version of The Brief Scale of Fear of Loneliness (BSFL). Participants were 1385 youth and adults, 347 from a pilot sample and 1032 from the final version, whose ages were in the range of 18 to 40 years. Two instruments, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, in their Peruvian versions, were used to support the relationship with other variables. Results show that the BSFL should be interpreted as a one-dimensional measure, the same ones that were examined at the exploratory level and verified at the confirmatory moment (RMSEA < 0.08, CFI > 0.95), and its reliability is considered good (ω > 0.88). In addition, the quality of the item content was reviewed by six expert judges for relevance and validity, with Aiken's V being greater than 0.70. It is concluded that the BSFL is a valid and precise short instrument that can be used in future research studies.

Estandarización, adaptación y validación de pruebas psicométricas: diferencias necesarias / Standardization, adaptation and validation of psychometric tests: Necessary differences

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COVID-19: Cuarentena, aislamiento, distanciamiento social y confinamiento ¿Son lo mismo? / Covid-19: quarantine, isolation, social distancing, and lockdown; are they the same?

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Análisis Factorial Exploratorio del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II) en Universitarios Cajamarquinos / Exploratory Factor Analysis of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in College Students from Cajamarca

Introducción: El objetivo principal de la presente investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II) en población universitaria de la ciudad de Cajamarca mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE). Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 326 estudiantes (73.3% mujeres y 26.7% varones) cuya edad promedio fue de 19.7 años (DE= 2.28). Se aplicó el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II). Resultados: Los resultados iniciales mostraron un solo factor que explicó el 48.16% de varianza con una confiabilidad de α=.945; no obstante, debido a los antecedentes internacionales, nacionales y a la teoría, se forzó un segundo análisis factorial exploratorio extrayendo dos factores que explicaron el 54.48% de varianza y una confiabilidad de α=.843 para el primer factor y α=.935 para el segundo factor. La validez en relación con otras variables mostró correlación entre el BDI-II y la Escala de Felicidad de Alarcón (r=-.585, p<.001), la Escala de Soledad de Jong Gierveld (r=.392, p<.001) y la Escala de Depresión de Reynolds (r=.708, p<.001). Conclusión: El modelo con dos factores ajusta mejor que el modelo de un solo factor; no obstante, el BDI-II podría tener una estructura unidimensional.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze psychometric properties of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in college students from Cajamarca through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Methods: The sample was conformed by326 students (73.3% female and 26.7% males) whose average age was 19.7 years old (SD=2.28). The beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was applied. Results: The initial results showed a single factor explaining 48.16% variance with a reliability of α = .945; however, due to international, national and theoretical background, a second exploratory factor analysis was forced extracting two factors that explained 54.48% variance and a reliabity of = .843 for the first factor and α = .935 for the second on. Validity in relation with other variables shows a correlation between the BDI-II and the Alarcón Happiness Scale (r = - 585, p <.001), Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (r = .392, p <. 001) and the Reynolds Depression Scale (r = .708, p <.001). Conclusion: Two factor model fits better than the one factor model; however, the BDI-II could be unidimensional.