Regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics for cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation in the cryo global registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation is a well-established anatomical approach for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although widely adopted, regional variations in standards of care have not been well characterized. METHODS: Patients with AF were enrolled in the Cryo Global Registry (NCT02752737) from May 2016 to Sept 2021 at 128 sites in 37 countries and treated with cryoballoon ablation according to local clinical practice. Baseline patient and procedural characteristics were summarized for 8 regions (Central Asia & Russia, East Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia). Serious procedure-related adverse events (SAEs) were evaluated in a subset of patients with ≥ 7 days of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 3,680 patients undergoing initial PVI for AF were included. Cryoballoon ablation was commonly performed in patients with paroxysmal AF. Mean age ranged from 47 ± 12 years in the Middle East to 64 ± 11 years in East Asia. Mean procedure time was ≤ 95 min in all regions. Average freeze duration ranged from 153 ± 41 s in Southeast Asia to 230 ± 29 s in Central Asia & Russia. Acute procedural success was ≥ 94.7% in all geographies. In 3,126 subjects with ≥ 7 days of follow-up, 122 procedure-related SAEs were reported in 111 patients (3.6%) and remained low in all regions. One procedure-related death was reported during data collection. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics, PVI using cryoballoon ablation was performed with high acute success and short procedural times around the world. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02752737.

Impact of first-line cryoablation for atrial fibrillation on healthcare utilization, arrhythmia disease burden and efficacy outcomes: real-world evidence from the Cryo Global Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an effective first-line treatment for symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF), as recently demonstrated by three randomized trials. This sub-analysis of the Cryo Global Registry aims to examine current clinical practices of first-line CBA. METHODS: AF patients treated with first-line CBA were compared to CBA in antiarrhythmic drug (AAD)-refractory patients at 12 months. Efficacy was examined using time-to-first atrial arrhythmia recurrence following a 90-day blanking period. Healthcare utilization was evaluated by repeat ablations and hospitalizations. Disease burden was examined by assessing quality of life (QOL) and patients' reporting of symptoms. RESULTS: Of 1394 patients, 433 (31.1%) were treated with first-line CBA, which was more frequent in high-volume centers. Serious procedure-related adverse event rates were similar. Efficacy at 12 months was higher in the first-line group (87.8 vs. 81.6%, HRunadj 0.64 (95% CI 0.47-0.88); p < 0.01) regardless of the centers' CBA experience; when controlling for baseline characteristics, the difference was not significant (HRadj 0.87 (95% CI 0.56-1.37); p = 0.55). No difference was observed in repeat ablations and hospitalizations between cohorts. First-line patients experienced a larger mean reduction in symptoms and were prescribed AADs at a lower rate at 12-month follow-up (9.7 vs. 29.9%). QOL improved in both cohorts from baseline to 12 months with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: In this global real-world experience, first-line CBA in patients with symptomatic AF is effective, with a larger symptom reduction compared with CBA after AAD failure and without a difference in healthcare utilization at mid-term follow-up. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02752737.

Cryoballoon Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Concomitant Heart Failure and Either Reduced or Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Results From the Cryo AF Global Registry.

Background Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist; yet, outcomes of ablation in patients with AF and concomitant HF are limited. This analysis assessed outcomes of cryoablation in patients with AF and HF. Methods and Results The Cryo AF Global Registry is a prospective, multicenter registry of patients with AF who were treated with cryoballoon ablation according to routine practice at 56 sites in 26 countries. Patients with baseline New York Heart Association class I to III (HF cohort) were compared with patients without HF. Freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence ≥30 seconds, safety, and health care utilization over 12-month follow-up were analyzed. A total of 1303 patients (318 HF) were included. Patients with HF commonly had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (81.6%), were more often women (45.6% versus 33.6%) with persistent AF (25.8% versus 14.3%), and had a larger left atrial diameter (4.4±0.9 versus 4.0±0.7 cm). Serious procedure-related complications occurred in 4.1% of patients with HF and 2.6% of patients without HF (P=0.188). Freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence was not different between cohorts with either paroxysmal AF (84.2% [95% CI, 78.6-88.4] versus 86.8% [95% CI, 84.2-89.0]) or persistent AF (69.6% [95% CI, 58.1-78.5] versus 71.8% [95% CI, 63.2-78.7]) (P=0.319). After ablation, a reduction in AF-related symptoms and antiarrhythmic drug use was observed in both cohorts (HF and no-HF), and freedom from repeat ablation was not different between cohorts. Persistent AF and HF predicted a post-ablation cardiovascular rehospitalization (P=0.032 and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusions Cryoablation to treat patients with AF is similarly effective at 12 months in patients with and without HF. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02752737.

Initial rhythm control with cryoballoon ablation vs drug therapy: Impact on quality of life and symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) as a first-line rhythm control strategy is superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) for preventing atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence; the impact of first-line CBA on quality of life (QoL) and symptoms has not been well characterized. METHODS: Patients aged 18 to 75 with symptomatic paroxysmal AF naïve to rhythm control therapy were randomized (1:1) to CBA (Arctic Front Advance, Medtronic) or AAD (Class I or III). Symptoms and QoL were assessed at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using the EHRA classification and Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life (AFEQT) and SF-36v2 questionnaires. Symptomatic palpitations were evaluated via patient diary. RESULTS: Overall, 107 patients were randomized to CBA and 111 to AAD; crossovers occurred in 9%. Larger improvements in the AFEQT summary, subscale and treatment satisfaction scores were observed at 12 months with CBA vs AAD (all P <0.05). At 12 months, the mean adjusted difference in the AFEQT summary score was 9.9 points higher in the CBA group (95% CI: 5.5 -14.2, P <0.001). Clinically important improvements in the SF-36 physical and mental component scores were observed at 12 months in both groups, with no significant between group differences at this timepoint. In the CBA vs AAD group, larger improvements in EHRA class were observed at 6, 9 and 12 months (P <0.05) and the incidence rate of symptomatic palpitations was lower (4.6 vs 15.2 days/year post-blanking; IRR: 0.30, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with symptomatic AF, first-line CBA was superior to AAD for improving AF-specific QoL and symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01803438.

Experiencia latinoamericana en crioablación de fibrilación auricular paroxística y persistente con criobalón de segunda generación. Resultados en agudo y a 12 meses / Latin-American experience in cryoablation of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation using second generation cryo-balloon. Acute success and 12 months of follow-up

Resumen Objetivo: La ablación por catéteres es una técnica habitual para tratar la fibrilación auricular (FA). Son escasos los datos prospectivos y multicéntricos con resultados a mediano plazo de la crioablación de venas pulmonares en América Latina. El objetivo es evaluar la seguridad y la eficacia de la ablación por criobalón de segunda generación en pacientes con FA paroxística o persistente en América Latina. Método: Se evaluaron las características del procedimiento y los resultados en agudo y a 12 meses Se incluyeron pacientes con FA mayores de 18 años a quienes se realizara desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón de segunda generación. Se definió como fallo al tratamiento cualquier episodio de FA, aleteo auricular o taquicardia auricular de más de 30 segundos fuera del periodo de cegamiento de 90 días. Resultados: Se incluyeron 218 pacientes (57 ± 11 años, 66.5% hombres, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1). Presentaron FA paroxística el 83.9%, FA persistente el 12.8% y FA persistente de larga duración el 2.3%. Quince pacientes presentaban antecedentes de aleteo auricular. Habían fracasado a una droga antiarrítmica el 89.4%. El éxito en agudo se obtuvo en 211 pacientes (96.8%). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue de 73.2 ± 26.7 minutos, el tiempo de fluoroscopia fue de 21.4 ± 23.9 minutos y el tiempo total de ocupación del laboratorio fue de 114.6 ± 41.3 minutos. Durante los 12 meses de seguimiento, el tiempo libre de recurrencia de FA fue del 88.6% en FA paroxística y del 73.1% en FA persistente. Veintiún pacientes (9.6%) presentaron eventos adversos relacionados con el procedimiento. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que la desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón es un tratamiento seguro y efectivo para la FA en América Latina.

Abstract Objective: Catheter ablation has become a usual technique to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). Medium-term results of prospective and multicenter data concerning pulmonary veins cryoablation in Latin America are limited. The objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of ablation by second generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) in Latin America. Method: We evaluate the characteristics of the procedure and the acute and 12-month results. Inclusion criteria include patients over 18 years old with AF who have a planned procedure of pulmonary veins isolation with second generation cryoballoon. Treatment failure was defined as any episode of AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia greater than 30 seconds outside the 90-day blinded period. Results: A total of 218 patients (57 ± 11 years, 66.5% men, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1) were included in the study. Of these, 83.9% evidenced PAF, 12.8% PerAF, and 2.3% long-standing PerAF. Fifteen with history of atrial flutter. Most patients had failed at least one antiarrhythmic drug (89.4%). The acute success of the procedure was obtained in 211 patients (96.8%). The average procedure time was 73.2 ± 26.7 min, the fluoroscopy time was 21.4 ± 23.9 min, and the total lab occupancy time was 114.6 ± 41.3 min. During the 12-month follow-up, freedom from AF recurrence was 88.6% in PAF, and 73.1% in PerAF. Twenty-one patients experienced device or procedure-related complications (9.6%). Conclusions: These results support pulmonary veins electrical isolation with cryoballoon as an effective treatment for AF in Latin America.

Safety and efficacy of cryoballoon ablation for the treatment of paroxysmal and persistent AF in a real-world global setting: Results from the Cryo AF Global Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation is a commonly used approach to treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES: Report on the safety and efficacy of cryoballoon ablation for the treatment of AF in the largest global cohort of cryoablated patients prospectively studied within a single registry. METHODS: The Cryo AF Global Registry is a prospective, multi-center registry. Patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF) or persistent AF (PsAF) were treated with the cryoballoon catheter according to routine practices at 93 sites across 36 countries. Primary efficacy endpoints included freedom from AF and freedom from AF/atrial flutter (AFL)/atrial tachycardia (AT) ≥30 seconds. The primary safety endpoint was serious device- or procedure-related adverse events over 12 month follow-up. RESULTS: During this evaluation window, 2922 subjects completed an index cryoballoon procedure, and 1440 completed 12 month follow-up. The cohort was 61 ± 12 years of age, 36.3% female, and 78.7% PAF. Serious device- and procedure-related adverse event rates were 1.5% and 3.4%, respectively. Freedom from AF/AFL/AT after the 90 day blanking period was 86.4% (95% CI: 84.3%-88.3%) in patients with PAF and 70.9% (95% CI: 64.6%-76.4%) in patients with PsAF. Freedom from AF/AFL/AT in first-line PAF and PsAF was 90.0% (95% CI: 86.4%-92.7%) and 72.9% (95% CI: 58.6%-83.0%) at 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Cryo Global AF Registry is the largest evaluation to demonstrate cryoablation is an efficient, safe, and effective treatment for patients with AF worldwide. Cryoablation was commonly used to treat patients prior to an AAD failure and may facilitate earlier therapy for patients on the AF disease continuum.

Latin-American experience in cryoablation of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation using second generation cryo-balloon. Acute success and 12 months of follow-up / Experiencia latinoamericana en crioablación de fibrilación auricular paroxística y persistente con criobalón de segunda generación. Resultados en agudo y a 12 meses

Objective: Catheter ablation has become a usual technique to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). Medium-term results of prospective and multicenter data concerning pulmonary veins cryoablation in Latin America are limited. The objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of ablation by second generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) in Latin America. Method: We evaluate the characteristics of the procedure and the acute and 12-month results. Inclusion criteria include patients over 18 years old with AF who have a planned procedure of pulmonary veins isolation with second generation cryoballoon. Treatment failure was defined as any episode of AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia greater than 30 seconds outside the 90-day blinded period. Results: A total of 218 patients (57 ± 11 years, 66.5% men, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1) were included in the study. Of these, 83.9% evidenced PAF, 12.8% PerAF, and 2.3% long-standing PerAF. Fifteen with history of atrial flutter. Most patients had failed at least one antiarrhythmic drug (89.4%). The acute success of the procedure was obtained in 211 patients (96.8%). The average procedure time was 73.2 ± 26.7 min, the fluoroscopy time was 21.4 ± 23.9 min, and the total lab occupancy time was 114.6 ± 41.3 min. During the 12-month follow-up, freedom from AF recurrence was 88.6% in PAF, and 73.1% in PerAF. Twenty-one patients experienced device or procedure-related complications (9.6%). Conclusions: These results support pulmonary veins electrical isolation with cryoballoon as an effective treatment for AF in Latin America.

Objetivo: La ablación por catéteres es una técnica habitual para tratar la fibrilación auricular (FA). Son escasos los datos prospectivos y multicéntricos con resultados a mediano plazo de la crioablación de venas pulmonares en América Latina. El objetivo es evaluar la seguridad y la eficacia de la ablación por criobalón de segunda generación en pacientes con FA paroxística o persistente en América Latina. Método: Se evaluaron las características del procedimiento y los resultados en agudo y a 12 meses Se incluyeron pacientes con FA mayores de 18 años a quienes se realizara desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón de segunda generación. Se definió como fallo al tratamiento cualquier episodio de FA, aleteo auricular o taquicardia auricular de más de 30 segundos fuera del periodo de cegamiento de 90 días. Resultados: Se incluyeron 218 pacientes (57 ± 11 años, 66.5% hombres, CHA2DS2-VASc 1.2 ± 1.1). Presentaron FA paroxística el 83.9%, FA persistente el 12.8% y FA persistente de larga duración el 2.3%. Quince pacientes presentaban antecedentes de aleteo auricular. Habían fracasado a una droga antiarrítmica el 89.4%. El éxito en agudo se obtuvo en 211 pacientes (96.8%). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue de 73.2 ± 26.7 minutos, el tiempo de fluoroscopia fue de 21.4 ± 23.9 minutos y el tiempo total de ocupación del laboratorio fue de 114.6 ± 41.3 minutos. Durante los 12 meses de seguimiento, el tiempo libre de recurrencia de FA fue del 88.6% en FA paroxística y del 73.1% en FA persistente. Veintiún pacientes (9.6%) presentaron eventos adversos relacionados con el procedimiento. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que la desconexión de venas pulmonares con criobalón es un tratamiento seguro y efectivo para la FA en América Latina.

Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Prognostic significance of Rhythm control strategy with Catheter Ablation.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) often coexist with an increase in morbidity and mortality. AF catheter ablation (CA) has proved to be a safe and efficient option for HF patients, but long-term evolution and prognosis remain uncertain. The aim is to assess the efficacy and safety of CA in HF patients with AF, and analyze HF long-term evolution. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed consecutive patients with AF and congestive HF or left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) less than 45%, who underwent CA of AF between 2011 and 2016. We excluded patients who did not complete one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were included. Mean age was 62.1 years, 72.4% were men, 67.2% had hypertension and 8.6% were diabetics. Mean EF was 49%, left atrial area was 26.5 cm2 and mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2. 70.6% were on NYHA FC II-III.The recurrence rate of AF was 60%, and after a second CA the rate decreased to 27.8%. Only persistent AF prior to the procedure was identified as independent predictor of recurrence. There was a significant NYHA FC improvement in the sinus rhythm (SR) group vs those with recurrence (63.6% vs 36.4%; p=0.047). None of the patients in SR were hospitalized, whereas six with recurrence were hospitalized due to HF (0% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.07). The rate of complications was 9.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in heart failure presents an adequate success rate, improving symptoms and reducing rehospitalizations due to heart failure.

Updated results on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the left ventricle`s (LV) papillary muscles (PM) is challenging. In this study we present results of catheter ablation using multiple energy sources and image-based approaches. METHODS: Fifty-three patients (49 ± 17 years old; 34% females; median LV ejection fraction 53 ± 11%) underwent catheter cryoablation or radiofrequency (RF) ablation with non-contact force sensing (Non-CFS) catheters and cardiac computed tomography integration (CTII) into the electroanatomical mapping system or contact force sensing RF (CFS RF) ablation catheters and intracardiac echo-facilitated 3D electroanatomical mapping. Ventricular arrhythmias foci were mapped at either the anterolateral (ALPM) or posteromedial papillary muscles (PMPM). Ablation was performed using an 8-mm cryoablation catheter (CRYO); a Non-CFS 4-mm open-irrigated RF catheter; or a CFS RF 3.5-mm open-irrigated tip catheter, via transmitral or transaortic approach. RESULTS: Acute success rate was 83% for Non-CFS RF/CTII; 100% for CRYO/CTII (n = 16) and CFS RF/ICE3D (n = 14) (P = 0.03). Catheter stability was achieved in all patients treated with Cryo/CTII. VA recurrence at 12 months follow-up was 48% (n = 11) for Non-CFS RF/CTII; 19% (n = 3) for CRYO/CTII; and 7% (n = 1) for CFS RF/ICE3D (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Non-CFS/CTII was associated with an increased risk of recurrence of the clinical arrhythmia. Ablation with either CFS RF/ICE3D or CRYO/CTII showed high acute success rates and low recurrence rates during follow-up. Cryoablation provided stable contact and was less arrhythmogenic.

Impact of a hybrid decision support system to improve the adherence to implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy guidelines for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the well-documented benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, there is a large number of patients who had not been offered this therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of a hybrid decision support system (hCDSS) to improve the adherence to indicate ICD therapy in our institution. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational and single-center study. An hCDSS focused on patients with severe deterioration of the left ventricular function was implemented, creating a mandatory field containing the value of left ejection fraction and three options to choose: >35%, ≤ 35% or unknown. When the option ≤ 35% is checked, an email is automatically sent to the electrophysiology section where the staff can contact the treating physician to discuss the indication of ICD therapy. We measured the number of ICDs implanted before the alert (month 1-21), immediate post and late post alert (month 22-27 and 28-48 months respectively) RESULTS: The rate of ICD implantation increased from 1.76% per month in the pre-intervention period to 4.48% after the intervention (p < 0.001). This increase in the rate of ICD implantation remained stable between the immediate and late post-intervention period (4.6 vs. 4.4; p = .8) CONCLUSION: The implementation of a hybrid decision support system was associated with improved adherence to clinical guidelines for prevention of sudden cardiac death, as evidenced by a rapid and sustained increase in the number of ICD implants in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

Predictores de recurrencia y resultados en la ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística / Predictors of Recurrence and Outcomes in Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

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Fibrilación auricular paroxística: crioablación versus ablación por radiofrecuencia / Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Cryoballoon versus Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Introducción: En la ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística por radiofrecuencia o crioablación existe poca información acerca de la superioridad de una técnica sobre la otra. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados agudos y a largo plazo de las técnicas de ablación de la fibrilación auricular paroxística por catéter irrigado y mediante crioablación con balón de segunda generación. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, unicéntrico, en el que se evaluaron 159 pacientes consecutivos con fibrilación auricular paroxística, a los cuales se les realizó aislamiento de venas pulmonares mediante radiofrecuencia o crioablación. Se examinaron las características de los pacientes y del procedimiento, así como el éxito inmediato y en el seguimiento a 12 meses. Resultados: Sobre un total de 159 pacientes, 89 procedimientos se realizaron con crioablación y 70 mediante radiofrecuencia. El seguimiento promedio fue de 12 meses. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las características de la población. La tasa de éxito inmediato fue del 97,8% con crioablación versus 97,1% con radiofrecuencia (p = 0,8). La tasa libre de fibrilación auricular a los 12 meses luego de un único procedimiento fue del 77,5% mediante crioablación versus 71,4% con radiofrecuencia (p = 0,33). La crioablación con balón se asoció con menor duración del procedimiento respecto de la radiofrecuencia (60,19 ± 15 minutos frente a 75,8 ± 31 minutos, respectivamente; p < 0,00001), con menor tiempo en la aurícula izquierda (45 ± 14 minutos frente a 58 ± 26 minutos; p < 0,00001). Los tiempos de fluoroscopia fueron significativamente mayores para el grupo crioablación (18 ± 3,76 minutos vs. 13 ± 2,23 minutos para radiofrecuencia; p < 0,0001). La tasa de complicaciones crioablación vs. radiofrecuencia fue similar (p = 0,76). Conclusión: La crioablación con balón, en comparación con radiofrecuencia mediante catéter irrigado, se asoció con menor tiempo del procedimiento, similar tasa de complicaciones y tasa libre de fibrilación auricular a los 12 meses luego de un único procedimiento.

Targeting stroke risk and improving outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation in Latin America / Identificando o risco de acidente vascular cerebral e melhorando desfechos em pacientes com fibrilação atrial na América Latina

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: To examine stroke risk factors, including atrial fibrillation, management and prevention, and stroke outcomes across Latin America. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted at Piedmont Heart Institute, United States. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for stroke AND "Latin America" AND epidemiology (between January 2009 and March 2015). Further studies in the SciELO, World Health Organization and Pan-American Health Organization databases were used to address specific points. RESULTS: Countries categorized as low or middle-income nations by the World Bank, which includes most of Latin America, account for two-thirds of all strokes. Globally, fewer than half of patients (median treatment level: 43.9%) with atrial fibrillation receive adequate anticoagulation to reduce stroke risk, which correlates with data from Latin America, where 46% of outpatients did not receive guideline-compliant anticoagulation, ranging from 41.8% in Brazil to 54.8% in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation-related stroke carries a heavy burden. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants provide options for reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation-related stroke. However, cost-effectiveness comparisons with warfarin are warranted before observational health-economics study results can be applied clinically. Initiatives to remedy inequalities and improve access to care across Latin America should accompany risk factor modification and guideline-based prevention.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Examinar os fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral (derrame), incluindo fibrilação atrial, manejo e prevenção, e desfechos do derrame na América Latina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada no Instituto do Coração Piedmont, Estados Unidos. MÉTODOS: Os termos "derrame" E "América Latina" E epidemiologia (entre janeiro de 2009 e março de 2015) foram buscados nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Cochrane. Estudos adicionais nas bases de SciELO, Organização Mundial da Saúde e Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde foram utilizados para discutir pontos específicos. RESULTADOS: Os países classificados como de baixa ou média renda pelo Banco Mundial, que incluem a maior parte da América Latina, representam dois terços de todos os derrames. Mundialmente, menos da metade dos pacientes (nível de tratamento mediano: 43,9%) com fibrilação atrial recebe anticoagulação adequada para reduzir o risco de derrame, o que correlaciona com os dados da América Latina, onde 46% dos pacientes ambulatoriais não receberam anticoagulação conforme as diretrizes, variando de 41,8% no Brasil a 54,8% na Colômbia. CONCLUSÕES: Derrames associados à fibrilação atrial impõem um ônus significativo. Anticoagulantes orais antagônicos sem vitamina K oferecem opções de redução do risco de derrames associados a fibrilação atrial. No entanto, comparações do custo-benefício com varfarina são justificáveis antes da aplicação clínica de resultados dos estudos observacionais relativos à economia da saúde. Iniciativas para solucionar diferenças e melhorar o acesso aos cuidados médicos na América Latina devem acompanhar a modificação dos fatores de risco e a prevenção baseada em orientações.

Results of Cryoenergy and Radiofrequency-Based Catheter Ablation for Treating Ventricular Arrhythmias Arising From the Papillary Muscles of the Left Ventricle, Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography and Image Integration.

BACKGROUND: Catheter radiofrequency ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the left ventricle's papillary muscles has been associated with inconsistent results. The use of cryoenergy versus radiofrequency has not been compared yet. This study compares outcomes and complications of catheter ablation of VA from the papillary muscles of the left ventricle with either cryoenergy or radiofrequency. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (40±12 years old; 47% males; median ejection fraction 59±7.3%) with drug refractory premature ventricular contractions or ventricular tachycardia underwent catheter cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation. VAs were localized using 3-dimensional mapping, multidetector computed tomography, and intracardiac echocardiography, with arrhythmia foci being mapped at either the anterolateral papillary muscle or posteromedial papillary muscles of the left ventricle. Focal ablation was performed using an 8-mm cryoablation catheter or a 4-mm open-irrigated radiofrequency catheter, via transmitral approach. Acute success rate was 100% for cryoenergy (n=12) and 78% for radiofrequency (n=9; P=0.08). Catheter stability was achieved in all patients (100%) treated with cryoenergy, and only in 2 (25%) patients treated with radiofrequency (P=0.001). Incidence of multiple VA morphologies was observed in 7 patients treated with radiofrequency (77.7%), whereas none was observed in those treated with cryoenergy (P=0.001). VA recurrence at 6 months follow-up was 0% for cryoablation and 44% for radiofrequency (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation was associated with higher success rates and lower recurrence rates than radiofrequency catheter ablation, better catheter stability, and lesser incidence of polymorphic arrhythmias.

Targeting stroke risk and improving outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation in Latin America.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: To examine stroke risk factors, including atrial fibrillation, management and prevention, and stroke outcomes across Latin America. DESIGN AND SETTING:: Narrative review conducted at Piedmont Heart Institute, United States. METHODS:: The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for stroke AND "Latin America" AND epidemiology (between January 2009 and March 2015). Further studies in the SciELO, World Health Organization and Pan-American Health Organization databases were used to address specific points. RESULTS:: Countries categorized as low or middle-income nations by the World Bank, which includes most of Latin America, account for two-thirds of all strokes. Globally, fewer than half of patients (median treatment level: 43.9%) with atrial fibrillation receive adequate anticoagulation to reduce stroke risk, which correlates with data from Latin America, where 46% of outpatients did not receive guideline-compliant anticoagulation, ranging from 41.8% in Brazil to 54.8% in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS:: Atrial fibrillation-related stroke carries a heavy burden. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants provide options for reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation-related stroke. However, cost-effectiveness comparisons with warfarin are warranted before observational health-economics study results can be applied clinically. Initiatives to remedy inequalities and improve access to care across Latin America should accompany risk factor modification and guideline-based prevention.

Experiencia preliminar de crioablación con catéter balón en fibrilación auricular paroxística: serie de 100 casos / Preliminary Experience with Cryoballoon Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: 100-case series

Introducción: La evaluación de nuevas fuentes de energía para el tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular paroxística (FAP) es de gran interés clínico. La crioablación con catéter balón se presenta como una alternativa atractiva para los pacientes con FAP refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico. Objetivos: Describir la experiencia inicial llevada a cabo en nuestra institución desde noviembre de 2013 hasta mayo de 2015 con la utilización de la técnica de crioablación con catéter balón en pacientes con FAP y evaluar la seguridad, la eficacia y las características del procedimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional de un solo centro en el que se examinaron los 100 primeros casos consecutivos realizados con criobalón Arctic Front® de 28 mm (Medtronic, Inc.) desde noviembre de 2013 hasta mayo de 2015. Se definió éxito inmediato al aislamiento de la totalidad de las venas pulmonares. La recurrencia de fibrilación auricular se evaluó en el grupo de 72 pacientes que tuvieron un seguimiento de más de 6 meses. Resultados: La duración del procedimiento fue de 78,03 ± 19,84 minutos con un tiempo de fluoroscopia de 20,79 ± 11,91 minutos y una dosis de radiación total de 202,93 ± 81 mGy La tasa de éxito inmediato fue del 100%. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 1% a raíz de una parálisis diafragmática transitoria. En el seguimiento de los pacientes con más de 6 meses del procedimiento, la tasa libre de fibrilación auricular fue del 81,95%. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia inicial con crioablación resultó segura y eficaz, con una tasa de éxito inmediato elevada y una tasa de complicaciones baja. El procedimiento resultó ser de corta duración y la tasa libre de fibrilación auricular en el seguimiento fue más que aceptable.

Background: The evaluation of novel energy sources for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is of great clinical interest. Cryoballoon ablation appears as an attractive alternative for patients with PAF refractory to pharmacological therapy Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the initial cryoballoon ablation experience performed at our institution from November 2013 to May 2015 in patients with PAF, evaluating the safety, efficacy and characteristics of the procedure. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study analyzing the first 100 consecutive cases performed with 28-mm Arctic Front™ cryoballoon (Medtronic, Inc.) from November 2013 to May 2015. Immediate success was defined as isolation of all pulmonary veins. Atrial fibrillation recurrence was assessed in 72 patients with more than 6 months follow-up. Results: The procedure lasted 78.03±19.84 min with fluoroscopy duration of 20.79±11.91 min and a total radiation dose of 202.93±81 mGy The rate of acute success was 100%. The complication rate was 1% due to transient diaphragmatic paralysis. The AF-free rate was 81.95% in patients with over 6-months follow-up. Conclusions: Our initial experience with cryoballoon ablation was safe and effective with a high rate of acute success and low rate of complications. The procedure was short and the AF-free rate was more than acceptable.

The first Latin American Catheter Ablation Registry.

AIMS: To assess the results of transcatheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in Latin America and establish the first Latin American transcatheter ablation registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: All ablation procedures performed between 1 January and 31 December 2012 were analysed retrospectively. Data were obtained on the characteristics and resources of participating centres (public or private institution, number of beds, cardiac surgery availability, type of room for the procedures, days per week assigned to electrophysiology procedures, type of fluoroscopy equipment, availability and type of electroanatomical mapping system, intracardiac echo, cryoablation, and number of electrophysiologists) and the results of 17 different ablation substrates: atrio-ventricular node reentrant tachycardia, typical atrial flutter, atypical atrial flutter, left free wall accessory pathway, right free wall accessory pathway, septal accessory pathway, right-sided focal atrial tachycardia, left-sided focal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular node, premature ventricular complex, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, ventricular tachycardia in congenital heart disease, and ventricular tachycardias in other structural heart diseases. Data of 15 099 procedures were received from 120 centres in 13 participating countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, and Venezuela). Accessory pathway was the group of arrhythmias most frequently ablated (31%), followed by atrio-ventricular node reentrant tachycardia (29%), typical atrial flutter (14%), and atrial fibrillation (11%). Overall success was 92% with the rate of global complications at 4% and mortality 0.05%. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation in Latin America can be considered effective and safe.

Cryoablation for Ventricular Arrhythmias Arising From the Papillary Muscles of the Left Ventricle Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography and Image Integration.

OBJECTIVES: This case series reports outcomes and complications of catheter cryoablation at the papillary muscles (PM) of the left ventricle (LV). BACKGROUND: Catheter radiofrequency ablation is an effective treatment for ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the PM of the LV. The use of cryoablation at PMs has not been described. METHODS: Ten patients (70% men; median age: 38 years [range: 34 to 45 years]) with drug-refractory premature ventricular contractions or ventricular tachycardia underwent catheter cryoablation. VAs were localized using 3-dimensional (3D) mapping, multidetector computed tomography, and intracardiac echocardiography, with arrhythmia foci being mapped at either the anterolateral PM or posteromedial papillary muscle (PMPM) of the LV. Focal ablation, up to 240 s with freeze-thaw-freeze cycles was performed using an 8-mm cryoablation catheter via a transmitral approach. RESULTS: Termination of ventricular arrhythmia was observed in all 10 patients during ablation. Median follow-up was 6 months after ablation. The PMPM had higher prevalence of clinical arrhythmias (100% PMPM VAs vs. 10% anterolateral PM VAs). The PM base was the most frequent site of origin of the arrhythmias (60% of patients). Pace-mapping showed ≥11/12 match in all treated PM at the site of effective lesion. All VAs arising from the base of the PM showed Purkinje potentials. There were no post-procedure complications. VA recurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation for arrhythmias arising from the PMs of the LV can be performed, and is a safe and effective alternative energy source for ablation.