Efeito do Treinamento Resistido e do Pilates na Qualidade de vida de Idosas: um ensaio clínico randomizado / Effect of Resistance Training and Pilates on the Quality of Life of Elderly Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Resumo Objetivo comparar os efeitos do treinamento resistido (TR) e Pilates na qualidade de vida (QV) de idosas. Foi realizado um estudo de delineamento experimental com intervenção de 12 semanas. Métodos Foram avaliadas mulheres idosas (≥60 anos) que não praticavam nenhum tipo de exercício físico regularmente há pelo menos 3 meses. Participaram do estudo 41 idosas que foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos:1- grupo Pilates (GP), 2- grupo treinamento resistido (GTR) e 3- grupo controle (GC). Para avaliar a QV, foram utilizados os questionários WHOQOL-OLD, WHOQOL-BREF e SF-36. Foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para analisar a evolução das variáveis intragrupo e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn para as análises intergrupos. Para a comparação das variáveis de caracterização da amostra entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados Observou-se melhora do domínio Participação Social para o GP (p=0,016). No GTR, foi encontrada diferença significativa para o domínio Saúde Mental (p=0,019). No GC, observou-se melhora do domínio Participação Social (p=0,044) e Escore Total do WHOQOL-OLD (p=0,044). Nas comparações intergrupos, observou-se diferença do Escore Total do WHOQOL-BREF do GP e GTR, com o GP apresentando uma melhor QV no início do estudo (p=0,039). A Vitalidade (p=0,010) e Saúde Mental (p=0,024) do GTR melhorou em relação ao GP. Conclusão Os grupos analisados melhoraram sua QV após o período de intervenção.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) and Pilates on the quality of life (QOL) of elderly women. An experimental design study was carried out with a 12-week intervention. Methods Elderly women (≥60 years) who did not practice any type of physical exercise regularly for at least 3 months were evaluated. The study included 41 elderly women who were randomly divided into three groups: 1- Pilates group (PG), 2- Resistance training group (RTG) and 3- Control group (CG). To assess QOL, the WHOQOL-OLD, WHOQOL-BREF and SF-36 questionnaires were used. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test was used to analyze the evolution of intragroup variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc for intergroup analyzes. To compare the sample characterization variables between the groups, the chi-square test was used. Results There was an improvement in the Social Participation domain for the PG (p=0.016). In the RTG, a significant difference was found for the Mental Health domain (p=0,019). In the CG, there was an improvement in the Social Participation domain (p=0.044) and Total WHOQOL-OLD Score (p=0.044). In the intergroup comparisons, there was a difference in the WHOQOL-BREF Total Score of the PG and RTG, with the PG presenting a better QOL at the beginning of the study (p=0.039). The Vitality (p=0,010) and Mental Health (p=0,024) of the RTG improved in relation to the PG. Conclusion The groups analyzed improved their QOL after the intervention period.

Effect of pilates method on physical fitness related to health in the elderly: a systematic review / Efeito do método pilates na aptidão física relacionada à saúde de idosos: uma revisão sistemática / Efecto del método pilates en la aptitud física relacionada a la salud de individuos de la tercera edad: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to analyze the evidence of Pilates in physical fitness related to health in the elderly. The article indexing databases (Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane) were reviewed along with the Pilates, elderly and aging descriptors. A total of 41 studies with a randomized experimental and quasi-experimental design met the inclusion criteria. The selection of the studies was carried out by two researchers and the quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale. Interventions ranged from 4-24 weeks with 1-3 sessions/week, and balance was the most investigated variable. The studies included in this review indicate that Pilates improves health status in the elderly, promoting gains in balance, muscle strength, flexibility, functional autonomy, muscular endurance, body composition and aerobic endurance. Despite these findings, some variables need to be further investigated. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

RESUMO O objetivo desta revisão foi analisar as evidências do Pilates na aptidão física relacionada com a saúde de idosos. Foram revisadas as bases de indexação de artigos (Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs e Cochrane), com os descritores "Método pilates, idosos e envelhecimento". Atenderam os critérios de inclusão 41 estudos com delineamento randomizado experimental e "quase experimental". A seleção dos estudos foi realizada por dois pesquisadores e a qualidade dos artigos foi avaliada pela escala PEDro. As intervenções variaram entre 4 e 24 semanas, de 1 a 3 sessões/semana e a variável mais investigada foi o equilíbrio. Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão indicam que a prática de Pilates melhora as condições de saúde dos idosos, promovendo ganhos de equilíbrio, força muscular, flexibilidade, autonomia funcional, resistência muscular, composição corporal e resistência aeróbica. Apesar destes achados, algumas variáveis precisam ser mais investigadas. Nível de Evidência II; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar las evidencias del Pilates en la aptitud física relacionada a la salud de individuos de la tercera edad. Se revisaron las bases indexadoras de artículos (Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs, y Cochrane), con los descriptores "Método pilates, ancianos y envejecimiento". Se cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 41 estudios con delineación experimental aleatorizada y "casi experimental". La selección de los estudios fue realizada por dos investigadores y la calidad de los artículos fue evaluada a través de la escala PEDro. Las intervenciones variaron entre 4-24 semanas, de 1-3 sesiones/semana y la variable más investigada fue el equilibrio. Los estudios incluidos en esta revisión indican que la práctica del Pilates mejora las condiciones de salud de los individuos de la tercera edad, promoviendo aumentos de equilibrio, fuerza muscular, flexibilidad, autonomía funcional, resistencia muscular, composición corporal y resistencia aeróbica. A pesar de estos hallazgos, algunas variables necesitan ser más investigadas. Nível de Evidencia II; Revision sistemática.

Cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses during and after walking while fasting.

The aim of the present study was to observe whether performing a low intensity endurance exercise following an overnight fasted (FAST) or fed (FED) condition promotes different cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses. Nine male physical active subjects, (age 21.89 ± 2.52 years old, height 175.89 ± 5.16 cm, weight 72.10 ± 4.31 kg, estimated body fat 7.25 ± 2.11%), randomly performed two sessions of 45 minutes' low intensity exercise (individual ventilator threshold) interspersed by seven days, differentiated only in whether they were provided with a standardized meal or not. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously at the 30-min rest, the 45-min during and the 30-min post-exercise. The testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) hormones were measured at rest, immediately post-exercise and 15-min post-exercise. The Glucose (GLU), Free fatty acids (FFA) and enzyme lipase activity (ELP) were measured at rest, 15-min and 30-min exercise, immediately, 15-min and 30-min post-exercise. Significantly lower values were observed in FED compared to FAST with: C (nmol/L) from pre (428.87 ± 120.41; 454.62 ± 148.33, respectively) to immediately post-exercise (285.10 ± 85.86; 465.66 ± 137.70, respectively) and 15-min post-exercise (248.00 ± 87.88; 454.31 ± 112.72, respectively) (p<0.05); and GLU at all times, with an exception at 15-min post-exercise. The testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) was significantly higher in the FED compared with FAST from pre (0.05 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.01, respectively) to 15-min post-exercise (0.08 ± 0.03, 0.05 ± 0.02, respectively). No other significant differences were observed between conditions. We conclude that fasting prior to low intensity endurance exercise does not seem be advantageous, when it comes to fat loss, compared with the same exercise performed after a meal.

Avaliação da aptidão física e funcional de idosos com prática de atividade física diferenciada / Evaluation of physical and functional fitness of older people with practice of differentiated physical activity / Evaluación de la aptitud física y funcional de los ancianos con práctica de actividad física diferenciada

O objetivo foi verificar e comparar o efeito da prática de exercício físico na aptidão física em idosos, com prática de atividades físicas diferenciadas e específicas. Como metodologia, foram formados 3 grupos de idosos e realizados testes por meio de protocolos e anamnese. Os resultados nos mostram que a atividade física regular nos grupos ativos apresenta diferença significativa no desempenho global quando comparado com o grupo sedentário. Concluiu-se que a prática de atividade física ou lúdica regular melhora o desempenho global dos idosos.

The objective was to verify and compare the effect of physical exercise practice on physical fitness in the elderly, with practice of differentiated and specific physical activities. As a methodology, 3 groups of elderly were formed and performed tests through protocols and anamnesis. The results show that regular physical activity in the active groups presents a significant difference in overall performance when compared to the sedentary group. It was concluded that the practice of regular physical activity or play improves the overall performance of the elderly.

El objetivo fue verificar y comparar el efecto de la práctica de ejercicio físico en la aptitud física en ancianos, con práctica de actividades físicas diferenciadas y específicas. Como metodología, se formaron 3 grupos de ancianos y se realizaron pruebas a través de protocolos y anamnesis. Los resultados nos muestran que la actividad física regular en los grupos activos presenta una diferencia significativa en el desempeño global en comparación con el grupo sedentario. Se concluyó que la práctica de actividad física o lúdica regular mejora el desempeño global de los ancianos.

The effect of weekly low frequency exercise on body composition and blood pressure of elderly women / El efecto de baja frecuencia semanal del ejercicio sobre la composición corporal y la presión arterial de las mujeres ancianas

Introduction: Regular physical activity can provide several benefits for human health, including improvements in cardiovascular, muscular and endocrine systems as well as in body composition. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the effect of low frequency exercise (once vs. twice per week) on the body composition and blood pressure of elderly women who participated in a public exercise program. Methods: Fifty-five sedentary elderly women, aged between 60 and 80 years, were evaluated by weight, stature, anthropometric measures (waist, abdomen, and hip) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The participants were divided into two groups: G1 performed exercise once a week and G2 performed exercise twice a week. Over six months the participants performed a combined program of aerobic exercise (walking and gymnastic aerobics) and strength exercise (using elastic bands, balls and bats). All exercise sessions lasted 60 minutes. Results: The results showed body composition improvements for both groups in waist (G1: p= 0.002; G2: p=<0.001) and abdomen (G1: p= 0.014; G2: p= 0.001) measurements, percentage body fat (G1: p= 0.010; G2: p= 0.007) and waist-hip ratio (G1: p= 0.037; G2: p=<0.001) as well as in systolic (G1 p=<0.001, G2 p=<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (G1: p=0.001; G2: p= 0.014), except in fat free mass which was found only in G1 (p= 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in any variables. Conclusion: It was concluded that this exercise, independent of the frequency (once or twice a week), resulted in improvements in body composition variables and blood pressure; however, no differences were found in the percentage of variation between both groups

Introducción: La actividad física regular puede proporcionar varios beneficios para la salud humana, incluyendo mejoras en el sistema cardiovascular, muscular y endocrino, y en la composición corporal. El objetivo de este estudio piloto fue analizar el efecto de la frecuencia semanal del ejercicio (una vez vs. dos veces) sobre la composición corporal y la presión arterial de las mujeres ancianas que participaron en un programa público del ejercicio. Métodos: Se evaluaron 55 mujeres ancianas sedentarias, con edades comprendidas entre 60 y 80 años, por la masa corporal, estatura, medidas antropométricas (de la cintura, el abdomen y cadera) y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Las participantes fueron divididas de acuerdo con sus posibilidades en dos grupos: G1 (realizada una vez a la semana de ejercicio) y G2 (realizado dos veces a la semana de ejercicio) y durante 6 meses las participantes realizaron un entrenamiento combinado compuesto de ejercicio aeróbico (caminar y gimnasia) y ejercicio de fuerza usando bandas elásticas, pelotas y canes de un programa de ejercicios. Todas las sesiones de ejercicio tuvieran una duración de 60 minutos. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que ambos grupos tuvieron mejoras en la composición corporal de la cintura ((G1: p= 0.002; G2: p=<0.001), el abdomen (G1: p= 0.014; G2: p= 0.001), porcentaje de grasa corporal (G1: p = 0,010; G2: p = 0,007) y la relación cintura cadera (G1: p = 0,037; G2: p =<0.001) la presión arterial sistólica (G1 p=<0.001, G2 p=<0.01) y en la sangre diastólica presión (G1: p = 0,001; G2: p = 0,014), excepto en la masa libre de grasa que se encuentra sólo en el grupo uno (p= 0,001). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en todas las variables. Conclusión: Se concluye que independientemente de la frecuencia de ejercicio (una o dos veces a la semana), se observaron mejoras en las variables de composición corporal y la presión arterial. Y, sin embargo, no encontramos diferencias en la variación porcentual entre ambos grupos

Profile of practitioners of supervised physical exercise in the southern region of Brazil / Perfil dos praticantes de exercício físico supervisionado da região sul do Brasil

With 23,398 fitness academies, catering for around seven million users, Brazil ranks second behind the United States in the number of units. The objective of this study is to delineate the profile of supervised physical activity practitioners in the three most southern states of Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul), analyzing the reasons which lead them to choose a fitness service. Fitness academy clients were also surveyed in relation to their alcohol, tobacco and food supplement usage. Seven hundred and ninety-seven (797) people were evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Data was collected in 24 fitness academies (eight in each state) in the three most southern states of Brazil. It was observed that those who practiced exercise regularly at fitness academies smoked little, consumed few food supplements, and with (50.44%) of those surveyed stating that they consumed only moderate amounts of alcohol. The majority, (34.13%) of exercise practitioners in southern Brazil chose to go to the gym five times a week, (40.99%) went at night, with (40.56%) giving as their reason for practicing exercise as being a way to improve their health. The distance between their home and the gym was the most important reason in choosing a place to conduct training. Intense individual activities were the most practiced type of exercise, there being no statistical difference between the percentages in the three states.

O Brasil ocupa o segundo lugar do mundo em número de academias, totalizando 23.398 unidades com cerca de sete milhões de frequentadores, ficando atrás apenas dos EUA. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi delinear o perfil dos praticantes de atividade física supervisionada, analisando os motivos que os levam a escolher um serviço de fitness, bem como traçar o perfil de consumo de álcool, tabaco e suplementos alimentares dos habitantes da Região Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliadas 797 pessoas através de um questionário próprio. A coleta foi realizada em 24 academias divididas em oito para cada um dos três estados do Sul do Brasil. Observou-se que os frequentadores de academias da área de abrangência da pesquisa fumam pouco, consomem poucos suplementos alimentares e apenas 50,44% dessa população consome bebidas alcoólicas de maneira moderada. A maior parte (34,13%) dos praticantes de exercício físico do Sul do Brasil optam por frequentar a academia cinco vezes por semana, no período noturno (40,99%), com o intuito de melhorar a saúde (40,56%). A distância entre a residência e a academia se mostrou o motivo mais relevante para escolher um locar para realizar o treinamento. O tipo de exercício mais praticado são as atividades individuais mais intensas e não houve diferença estatística entre os percentuais nos três estados estudados.

Comparison of oxygen uptake during and after the execution of resistance exercises and exercises performed on ergometers, matched for intensity.

The aim of this study was to compare the values of oxygen uptake (VO2) during and after strength training exercises (STe) and ergometer exercises (Ee), matched for intensity and exercise time. Eight men (24 ± 2.33 years) performed upper and lower body cycling Ee at the individual's ventilatory threshold (VE/VCO2). The STe session included half squats and the bench press which were performed with a load at the individual blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l. Both sessions lasted 30 minutes, alternating 50 seconds of effort with a 10 second transition time between upper and lower body work. The averaged overall VO2 between sessions was significantly higher for Ee (24.96 ± 3.6 ml·kg·min-1) compared to STe (21.66 ± 1.77 ml·kg·min-1) (p = 0.035), but this difference was only seen for the first 20 minutes of exercise. Absolute VO2 values between sessions did not reveal differences. There were more statistically greater values in Ee compared to STe, regarding VO2 of lower limbs (25.44 ± 3.84 ml·kg·min-1 versus 21.83 ± 2·24 ml·kg·min-1; p = 0.038) and upper limbs (24.49 ± 3.84 ml·kg·min-1 versus 21.54 ± 1.77 ml·kg·min-1; p = 0.047). There were further significant differences regarding the moment effect (p<0.0001) of both STe and Ee sessions. With respect to the moment × session effect, only VO2 5 minutes into recovery showed significant differences (p = 0.017). In conclusion, although significant increases in VO2 were seen following Ee compared to STe, it appears that the load/intensity, and not the material/equipment used for the execution of an exercise, are variables that best influence oxygen uptake.

Relationship of different perceived exertion scales in walking or running with self-selected and imposed intensity.

The aims of this study were to: (1) compare the Heart Rate (HR) and Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) in training with self-selected and imposed loads, and (2) associate the OMNI-Walk/Run and Borg scales with self-selected and imposed loads, both on a treadmill. Ten trained men (20.3 ± 2.0 years, 75.6 ± 9.8 kg, 175.1 ± 5.1 cm) participated in a training program with self-selected load (time and speed individually preferred) and another with imposed load (even self-selected time and speed 10% higher). The HR and RPE were measured, every minute of training, by the OMNI-Walk/Run and Borg scales. No significant differences were found in the HR and RPE between training sessions. The correlation between the OMNI-Walk/Run and Borg scales showed a moderate association (r = 0.55) in training with self-selected load and a strong association in imposed load (r = 0.79). In this study, self-selected load induced a suboptimal stimulus to elicit favorable organic adaptations. Moreover, high correlation of OMNI Walk/Run and Borg scales with the imposed load showed that the greater the load of training the best were answers of RPE.

The influence of positional release therapy on the myofascial tension of the upper trapezius muscle / A influencia da terapia de libertacao posicional sobre a tensao miofascial do musculo trapezio

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of positional release therapy (PRT) on the myofascial tension of the upper trapezius muscle with an active myofascial trigger point (TrP). We studied 30 subjects (18 men and 12 women), mean age 34.5 ± 9.4 years, with an active TrP in the upper trapezius muscle on one side. A search for TrPs was performed bilaterally and the points were considered to be active when both local and referred pain evoked by manual palpation reproduced a deep aching and burning pain. The patients were evaluated under three conditions: (a) resting baseline, (b) concentric contraction and (c) isometric contraction, before and after treatment with PRT, regarding the following parameters: (i) pain intensity during manual palpation (visual analogue pain scale) and (ii) upper trapezius muscle electromyographic (EMG) signals. A significant decrease in painful symptoms from 5.3 ± 1.9 to 2.8 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001) was observed after treatment. There were no significant differences in EMG signals during resting baseline and in the presence of concentric contraction after the PRT session. It was concluded that PRT may be an effective treatment for pain relief and to reduce resting baseline EMG signals in the upper trapezius muscle with a TrP, suggesting that its use as an alternative or an adjunct to other therapies. The effectiveness of this type of treatment should be confirmed by further clinical studies.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da Terapia de Libertação Posicional (TLP) sobre a tensão miofascial do músculo trapézio superior, com presença de ponto gatilho (PG) miofascial ativo. Foram estudados 30 indivíduos (18 homens e 12 mulheres), idade média 34,5 + 9,4 anos, com presença de PG ativo, no músculo trapézio superior, de um dos lados. Os PG foram avaliados em ambos os lados e foram considerados ativos quando era evocada uma dor local, disseminada e persistente, por palpação manual. Os indivíduos foram avaliados em três condições: (a) repouso basal, (b) contração concêntrica e (c) contração isométrica, antes e após da aplicação da TLP, nos seguintes parâmetros: (i) intensidade da dor durante a palpação (escala visual analógica de dor) e (ii) sinais eletromiográficos (EMG) do músculo trapézio superior. Houve uma redução significativa do sintoma doloroso 5,3 ± 1,9 para 2,8 ± 1,8 (p < 0,001). Quanto à atividade electromiográfica, em repouso basal e na contração concêntrica, não se observaram diferenças significativas nos sinais EMGs, após a utilização da TLP. Os resultados sugerem que a TLP diminui o sintoma doloroso e reduz os sinais da electromiografia, em repouso basal, do músculo trapézio superior com PG. Isto sugere que a técnica de TLP pode ser utilizada como uma alternativa ou em concomitância com outras terapias. A eficácia desta forma de tratamento deve ser confirmada por outros estudos clínicos.