ABSTRACT
The addition of vegetable oils to the diets of dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding during the dry period and improves the lipid profile of milk and by-products. Cheeses were produced using milk from cross bred goats (Saanen×Alpina) fed diets enriched with 4% vegetable oil (faveleira, sesame or castor), the fatty acid profile of cheeses was studied. Supplementation with vegetable oils did not increase the total fat percentage of the cheese (p≥0.05) but did increase the percentage of CLA isomers, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in addition, the index of desirable fatty acids (DFA--expressed as the sum of unsaturated fatty acids plus stearic acid) was increased for cheese made from milk from goats fed sesame or faveleira oil. Cheeses may have had increased percentages of cis-9,trans-11-CLA due to the supplementation of animal diets with vegetable oils rich in C18:2, such as faveleira and sesame oils. The fatty acid profile of goat cheese did not change significantly in response to the use of castor oil. Thus, the addition of sesame and faveleira oils to goat diets positively altered the fatty acid profile, which improved the nutritional characteristics of the fat present in goat cheese.
Subject(s)
Castor Oil/metabolism , Cheese/analysis , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Milk/metabolism , Sesame Oil/metabolism , Animals , Diet , Fatty Acids/analysis , Female , Goats , Lactation , Milk/chemistryABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado, tendo em vista os padrões estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 51; assim como verificar a correlação existente entre a contagem de células somáticas, componentes do leite e contagens bacterianas. Os resultados mostraram que das 72 amostras avaliadas, 91,66% para aeróbios mesófilos, foram consideradas acima dos padrões exigidos pela legislação. Todas as amostras estavam contaminadas com coliformes a 35°C e coliformes termotolerantes. As contagens de mesófilos proteolíticos e de CCS também foram consideradas altas. No teste de lactofermentação, 85% das amostras apresentaram formas visuais não desejáveis; no teste de resistência térmica apenas 20% mantiveram-se estáveis. Correlações significativas foram obtidas entre CCS e os componentes do leite (proteína e lactose) e CCS e contagens microbiológicas.
This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cooled raw milk regarding the standards established by Law nº 51, as well as to verify the correlation existing among the somatic cell count (SCC), milk components and bacterial counts. The results of 72 analyzed samples pointed out that 91.66 % was out of the standards for mesophilic aerobes. All the samples were contaminated with coliforms at 35ºC and thermotolerant coliforms. The counts of proteolytic mesophiles and SCC were considered high. In the lactofermentation test, 85% of the samples showed visual undesirable forms, and in the thermal resistance test, only 20% kept stable. Significant correlations were obtained between somatic cell count and milk composition (protein and lactose), and between SCC and bacterial count.
El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad de la leche cruda refrigerado, teniendo en cuenta los estándares establecidos por la Instrucción Normativa nº 51; así como verificar la correlación existente entre el contaje de células somáticas, componentes de la leche y contajes bacterianas. Los resultados señalaron que de las 72 muestras evaluadas, 91,66% para aerobios mesófilos, han sido consideradas arriba de los estándares exigidos por la legislación. Todas las muestras estaban contaminadas con coliformes a 35ºC y coliformes termo tolerantes. Los contajes de mesófilos proteolíticos y de CCS también fueron considerados altos. En el test de lacto fermentación, 85% de las muestras presentaron formas visuales no deseables; en el test de resistencia térmica solamente 20% se mantuvieron estables. Correlaciones significativas se ha obtenido entre CCS y los componentes de la leche (proteína y lactosa) y CCS y contajes microbiológicas.
