Giant Hydatid Cyst with Diaphragmatic, Pericardial, and Hepatic Involvement: Use of Extracorporeal Circulation for Major Liver Resection: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the echinococcus microorganism, a parasite with 6 described species in the literature, the main one in humans being Echinococcus granulosus. Transmission is via the fecal-oral route, with main hepatopulmonary involvement but with high risk of dissemination. Diagnosis is often incidental and patients present a wide range of non-specific symptoms, closely related to localization, size, and quantity of cysts. The latent risk of the infection is septic shock secondary to intraperitoneal rupture, which increases the risk of mortality. The criterion standard of management involves anthelmintic therapy and radical surgical management. CASE REPORT We present the case of a man in the third decade of life from a rural area of Colombia, presenting abdominal pain and febrile peaks for 2 months. Imaging studies showed a cystic lesion with thoracic and hepatic involvement. He was treated in 2 surgical stages, the first achieving partial resection of the cyst involving lung, diaphragm, and rib cage, and the second with extracorporeal circulation assistance due to infiltration of the retrohepatic vena cava, achieving radical resection of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Echinococcosis is a condition endemic to rural areas, with wide geographical distribution. Given the slow growth, it is mostly asymptomatic, which causes diagnostic and therapeutic challenges involving high rates of complications and mortality. An individualized surgical and medical approach is recommended. Extracorporeal circulation assistance helps achieve hemodynamic stability in patients with cardiac or great vessel involvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of extracorporeal circulation assistance for large hepatic-diaphragmatic and pericardial cyst resection.

Outcomes after Frey's procedure for chronic pancreatitis: a 8-year single-center experience in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by irreversible morphological changes due to chronic pancreatic fibrosis. The treatment goals are to relieve pain, preserve function, and prevent further pathological consequences. Endoscopic treatment, surgery, or both are options for untreatable pain or suspected malignancy. Frey procedure is a reasonable surgical intervention because of its hybrid character, combining resection and drainage. Unfortunately, there is limited information about the outcomes of this procedure in Latin America, and few cases described in Colombia. This study aims to describe the experience of a pancreatic surgery reference center in the management of patients undergoing Frey's surgery for chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of patients who underwent a Frey procedure due to chronic pancreatitis between January 2014 to February 2022 in a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, was made. A demographic, clinical, and postoperative outcome description was performed. Mann-Whitney Willcoxon test was performed between operative variables and long-term outcomes. RESULTS: Eighteen patients met the inclusion criteria. 55.5% of patients were male. Chronic pancreatitis etiology in most cases (83.3% n = 15) was idiopathic. The median duration of symptoms and chronic pancreatitis diagnosis before surgery was 6.15 months (IQR 5;97). Overall morbidity was 38.88%. One patient died at 30 days of follow-up. The median follow-up time was 42.5 (IQR 19;65 months). The median pain reduction was 3 points according to the visual analog score. Six patients were diagnosed with malignant conditions after surgery (mean 27.8 ± 7.5 months). Wirsung's duct size was statistically related with malignancy presentation after Frey's procedure (Z = 2.54; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: According to our data, Frey's procedure remains safe and feasible, with acceptable outcomes in terms of pain relief and pancreatic function. The study confirms the importance of a longstanding follow-up due to an inherent risk of pancreatic malignancy. Our data suggest that pancreatic duct size could be related with the malignancy diagnosis after Frey's procedure; however, further prospective studies with a larger sample size would be helpful to confirm these results.

Hepatic artery lymph node relevance in periampullary tumors: A retrospective analysis of survival outcomes.

Background: The Periampullary area comprehends a heterogeneous and complex structure with different histological tissues. Surgical standards include the peripancreatic regional lymphadenectomy, and during pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) the hepatic artery lymph node HALN(8a) is dissected. We aimed to describe the prognostic significance of the HALN(8a) lymph node metastasis in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in a specific cohort of patients in limited economic and social conditions. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on a prospective database from the HPB department of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) due to periampullary tumors during 2014-2021. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated to be associated with positive HALN(8a) using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Log Rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used. Results: 111 patients were included, 55,4% female. The most frequent pathology was ductal adenocarcinoma (60.3%). The positive rate of the HALN(8a) node was 21.62%. The Median OS time was 25.5 months, and the median DFS time was 13,8 months. Positive HLAN(8a) node, the cutoff of lymph node ratio resection (LNRR), and vascular invasion showed a strong association with OS. (CoxRegression p = 0.03 HR 0.5, p 0.003 HR = 1.8, p = 0.02 HR 0.4 CI 95%). In terms of DFS, lymph node ratio cutoff, tumoral size, and vascular invasion showed a statistically significant association with the outcome (p = 0.008, HR = 1.5; p = 0.04 HR = 2.1; p = 0.02 HR = 0.4 CI 95%). Conclusion: In this series of PD, OS was reduced in patients with HALN(8a) compromise in patients with pancreatic cancer, however without statistical significance in DFS. In multivariate analysis, lymph node status remains an independent predictor of OS and DFS. Further studies are needed.

Porto-biliary fistula as an uncommon cause of haemobilia: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Haemobilia is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. It can be related to iatrogenic injuries, inflammatory diseases, and, more recently, postoperative, or post-procedure complications. Porto-biliary fistula is an uncommon case of haemobilia and has been related to iatrogenic injury or chronic inflammatory processes. To date, less than 30 cases of Porto-biliary fistula have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 53 years-old woman with a history of biliary obstruction due to a choledochal cyst that required hepaticojejunostomy with evidence of anastomotic stricture. A percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was performed, with 3 failed attempts of percutaneous dilatation. A new hepaticojejunostomy was completed, however, 45 days later the patient presented to the emergency room with haemobilia and secondary hemodynamic instability. An emergency damage control laparotomy was performed, achieving bleeding control. In the second procedure, there is evidence of an ulcerative injury of the biliary tract secondary to a Porto-biliary fistula. CONCLUSION: Porto-biliary fistula is an entity that cannot be ruled out in cases of haemobilia, especially in cases with a history of bile duct surgical or percutaneous procedures. The prognosis is usually good if multidisciplinary management is performed, and the source of the bleeding is identified early.

Hemosuccus pancreaticus as an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1/1500) and represents the loss of blood through the main pancreatic duct and its exteriorization through the major duodenal papilla. It can lead to massive bleeding, which is potentially life-threatening. This condition most commonly follows pseudoaneurysm formation due to acute or chronic pancreatitis. As a result of its infrequency, it is difficult to diagnose, and the mortality rate remains high. To our knowledge, this is the first case report on the Latin-American population. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old male patient presented with diffuse severe abdominal pain associated with melaena. Angiotomography was performed, ruling out mesenteric ischemia, with evidence of pancreatic head tumor with liver metastases. Sandblom's triad was present and the diagnosis of hemosuccus pancreaticus was confirmed. Multiple arteriograms were performed, with pseudoaneurysm of gastroduodenal artery findings. Therefore, endovascular coil embolization was performed in two opportunities to control the bleeding. CONCLUSION: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a clinical challenge for the surgeon and emergency medicine. It's a complex entity with high mortality that should be suspected in patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis and periampullary tumors with non-established sources of bleeding. Clinically manifested by Sandblom's triad. Its diagnosis gold standard is arteriography plus embolization which is also therapeutic. Surgery is related to higher mortality and reserved for specific situations.

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS): A two staged procedure, in Bogotá Colombia. Case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: For liver tumors (primary or metastases), surgery combined with neoadjuvant, or adjuvant chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, offering long term survival time and disease-free time period (Alvarez et al., 2012) Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation, or ALPPS, it's a surgical technique that increases the future liver remnant in a short period of time, trying to avoid postoperative liver failure (PLF), and achieving R0 resections in liver malignant tumors (Alvarez et al., 2012). PRESENTATION OF THE CASE: A 43 years old woman with colorectal liver metastases in both lobes. Colorectal surgical procedure was performed 1 year previous the liver intervention, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Decision of a tri-segmental hepatectomy was made to resolve the metastases. Into the surgical procedure, we evaluated the liver parenchyma, and the future liver remnant tissue was insufficient, for that reason we decided to perform ALPPS procedure. DISCUSSION: Colorectal liver metastases (CLRM) are considered the most common indication for ALPPS procedure according to the international registry. Compared with the portal vein ligation, resection rate varies from 50 to 80%, and the non-resectability disease was explained by tumor progression. Postoperative mortality rate was 5.1% in young patients (<60 years old), and 8% in general for CRLM. Oncologic outcomes represent an increased disease-free survival period and overall survival time compared with non-surgical approach. CONCLUSION: The ALPPS procedure it's an interesting approach to patients with not enough liver remnant tissue, with good oncologic results in terms of disease-free survival time, and overall survival. Appropriate selection of the patient, careful postoperative management, and a multidisciplinary approach are related with good postoperative outcomes.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático pos-CPRE: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Subcapsular hepatic hematoma after ERCP. Case report and literature review

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 68 años, sin antecedentes de importancia, que por su cuadro clínico y resultados paraclínicos fue clasificado con riesgo intermedio para coledocolitiasis. En efecto, por medio de colangiorresonancia se realizó el diagnóstico confirmatorio. Fue llevado a colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica en dos ocasiones -la primera fallida por papila intradiverticular-; en el segundo intento (exitoso con extracción del lito), el paciente presentó evolución posprocedimiento tórpida, con marcado dolor abdominal y anemización. Fue llevado a tomografía de abdomen con contraste, la cual confirmó el diagnóstico de hematoma subcapsular. Se decidió implementar el manejo conservador y se logró un control adecuado del sangrado.

Abstract This is the case of a 68-year-old female patient, with no relevant history, who was classified as intermediate risk for choledocholithiasis due to her symptoms and lab test results. The diagnosis was confirmed by means of cholangioresonance. She was taken to ERCP on two occasions; the first failed due to intradiverticular papilla, and during the second attempt (successful with the removal of the stone), the patient had a torpid post-procedure evolution, with marked abdominal pain and anemization. An abdominal tomography with contrast was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of subcapsular hematoma. A conservative management was implemented, achieving adequate bleeding control.

Cisticercosis hepática: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hepatic cysticercosis: a case report and review of the literature

Resumen La cisticercosis hepática es una enfermedad parasitaria bastante rara que consiste en el compromiso hepático por el cisticerco, con pocos casos reportados en la literatura, ninguno antes reportado en Colombia. Esta infección es producida por Cysticercus cellulosae, la forma larvaria del helminto Taenia solium. Es adquirida al consumir los huevos de la Tenia spp que se encuentran en la comida poco cocinada o el agua. En los casos reportados de cisticercosis hepática, el tratamiento se basa principalmente en el uso de antihelmínticos y en ocasiones quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente mayor, indígena, quien consultó por melenas y dolor abdominal. En el examen físico se encontró hepatomegalia. Las imágenes diagnósticas plantean diagnóstico diferencial entre quiste hidatídico vs cistoadenoma/ cistoadenocarcinoma. El examen histopatológico sugiere compromiso por cisticercosis. Se reporta el caso de una cisticercosis hepática, con histología altamente sugestiva y hallazgos imagenológicos bastante inusuales a los previamente descritos en literatura. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):101-108.

Abstract Hepatic cysticercosis is a quite rare parasitic disease consisting of hepatic involvement by the cysticercus, with few cases reported in the literature, none previously reported in Colombia. This infection is caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the Taenia solium helminth. It is acquired by consuming the Tenia sppeggs found in undercooked food or water. In reported cases of hepatic cysticercosis, treatment is based primarily on the use of anthelmintics and occasionally surgery. We present the case of an older, indigenous patient who consulted for melena and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly is found on physical examination. Diagnostic images suggested a differential diagnosis between hydatid cyst vs. cystadenoma / cystadenocarcinoma. Histopathological examination suggested compromise due to cysticercosis. The case of hepatic cysticercosis is reported, with highly suggestive histology and imaging findings quite unusual to those previously described in the literature. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):101-108.

Gastrectomia por cáncer gástrico en la clínica el bosque entre 1985 y 1994 / Gastrectomies because of gastic cancer

El presente trabajo tiene una revisión sobre el cáncer gástrico, enfermedad cuya incidencia es importante en Colombia. El estudio realizado tomó 38 pacientes hospitalizados en la Clínica El Bosque, sometidos a gastrectomía por cáncer gástrico en el período comprendido entre 1985 y 1995. Se analizaron diferentes variables como tipo histológico más frecuente, edad promedio de presentación diagnóstico endoscópico más frecuente y su relación con sintomatología diagnóstico post-operatorio y patología; así como se analizaron las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el tipo de linfadenectomía realizados haciendo énfasis en este punto, ya que de acuerdo al protocolo de manejo de cáncer gástrico del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (I.N.C.); base de este trabajo, el tipo de resección ganglionar va a determinar el pronóstico y sobrevida del paciente. Como conclusión fundamental de esta revisión, se puede afirmar que: 1. Las gastrectomías realizadas en la Clínica El Bosque por Cáncer Gástrico no son muy frecuentes. 2. Los síntomas que se encontraron con mayor frecuencia fueron el dolor epigástrico, seguido de la pérdida de peso, vómito y sensación de llenura. 3. El Cáncer gástrico se presenta en personas mayores de 40 años, sin diferencia alguna en sexo. 4. El principal método diagnóstico para esta patología fue la Endoscopia de Vías Digestivas Altas. 5. El tratamiento una vez corroborado el diagnóstico, fue quirúrgico. 6. El tipo histológico más encontrado fué el adenocarcionoma. 7. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían cáncer gástrico avanzado.