ABSTRACT
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for the development of different tumor types. Despite the remarkable clinical activity of crizotinib (Xalkori), the first ALK inhibitor approved in 2011, the emergence of resistance mutations and of brain metastases frequently causes relapse in patients. Within our ALK drug discovery program, we identified compound 1, a novel 3-aminoindazole active on ALK in biochemical and in cellular assays. Its optimization led to compound 2 (entrectinib), a potent orally available ALK inhibitor active on ALK-dependent cell lines, efficiently penetrant the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in different animal species and highly efficacious in in vivo xenograft models. Moreover, entrectinib resulted to be strictly potent on the closely related tyrosine kinases ROS1 and TRKs recently found constitutively activated in several tumor types. Entrectinib is currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trial for the treatment of patients affected by ALK-, ROS1-, and TRK-positive tumors.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , Indazoles/pharmacology , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Benzamides/chemistry , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Blotting, Western , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Crystallization , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Humans , Indazoles/administration & dosage , Indazoles/chemistry , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mice , Mice, Nude , Mice, SCID , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptor, trkA/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, trkB/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, trkC/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Activated ALK and ROS1 tyrosine kinases, resulting from chromosomal rearrangements, occur in a subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) as well as other tumor types and their oncogenic relevance as actionable targets has been demonstrated by the efficacy of selective kinase inhibitors such as crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib. More recently, low-frequency rearrangements of TRK kinases have been described in NSCLC, colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma, and Spitzoid melanoma. Entrectinib, whose discovery and preclinical characterization are reported herein, is a novel, potent inhibitor of ALK, ROS1, and, importantly, of TRK family kinases, which shows promise for therapy of tumors bearing oncogenic forms of these proteins. Proliferation profiling against over 200 human tumor cell lines revealed that entrectinib is exquisitely potent in vitro against lines that are dependent on the drug's pharmacologic targets. Oral administration of entrectinib to tumor-bearing mice induced regression in relevant human xenograft tumors, including the TRKA-dependent colorectal carcinoma KM12, ROS1-driven tumors, and several ALK-dependent models of different tissue origins, including a model of brain-localized lung cancer metastasis. Entrectinib is currently showing great promise in phase I/II clinical trials, including the first documented objective responses to a TRK inhibitor in colorectal carcinoma and in NSCLC. The drug is, thus, potentially suited to the therapy of several molecularly defined cancer settings, especially that of TRK-dependent tumors, for which no approved drugs are currently available. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 628-39. ©2016 AACR.
