Subject(s)
Calcinosis , Neurodermatitis , Skin Diseases , Calcinosis/complications , Foot , Humans , Pruritus , Skin Diseases/complicationsSubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Infection Control/organization & administration , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , COVID-19 , Cohort Studies , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pandemics/statistics & numerical data , Patient Selection , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Quarantine/organization & administration , Risk Assessment , Sex Factors , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Young AdultSubject(s)
Pemphigus, Benign Familial/drug therapy , Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives , Administration, Oral , Aged , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Pemphigus, Benign Familial/pathology , Remission Induction/methods , Thalidomide/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives , Adult , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psoriasis/pathology , Severity of Illness Index , Thalidomide/administration & dosage , Thalidomide/therapeutic use , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Crohn Disease/diagnosis , Granuloma/diagnosis , Granuloma/drug therapy , Sarcoidosis/diagnosis , Vulvitis/diagnosis , Vulvitis/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Therapy, Combination , Econazole/therapeutic use , Female , Fusidic Acid/therapeutic use , Granuloma/complications , Humans , Lymecycline/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Triamcinolone/therapeutic use , Vulvitis/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Innate immunity appears to be silent in acutely hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected chimpanzees, as shown by microarray analysis of intrahepatic gene expression. Whether this observation also applies to HBV pathogenesis in man remains undefined. The aim of this study was thus to characterise natural killer (NK) and CD56(+) natural T (NT) cell responses early after human HBV infection and their relationship to the induction of adaptive immunity. METHODS: Two HBV-seronegative blood donors who became hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA positive but had persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were followed from a very early stage of HBV infection. The phenotype (CD69 and NKG2D) and function (cytotoxicity and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production) of NK and NT cells were analysed. CD4- and CD8-mediated responses were studied in parallel with overlapping peptides covering the entire HBV sequence by ex vivo intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for IFN gamma, interleukin 2 (IL2), IL4 and IL10, and by ex vivo Elispot for IFN gamma. Healthy subjects, and patients with chronic and acute HBV infection were studied for comparison. RESULTS: An early induction of both innate and adaptive responses was observed. NK and NT cells showed faster kinetics than HBV-specific T cells with an earlier peak of activity, while CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell responses were mounted with a similar profile, with higher frequencies of IFN gamma-producing CD8(+) cells at the peak of the response. CONCLUSIONS: The innate immune system is able to sense HBV infection, as shown by the early development of NK and NT cell responses, which probably contribute to contain the HBV infection and to allow timely induction of adaptive responses.