Indicadores da qualidade fisico-química de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas criadas em diferentes sistemas de produção / Physical-chemical quality of laying eggs of conventional system, cage-free and free-range

Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de estocagem e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade físico-química de 1350 ovos provenientes de galinhas poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown com 46 semanas de idade, criadas em diferentes sistemas (baterias de gaiolas, livre de gaiola ou cage-free e com acesso à área de piquetes para pastejo ou free-range). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, com três sistemas de produção (gaiola, cage-free, free-range), duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigerada) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (zero, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 15 repetições, de 3 ovos cada. Foi avaliada a percentagem de perda de peso, gravidade específica (g/cm³), unidade Haugh, índice gema (g) e, percentagem de gema e albúmen, oxidação lipídica, pH do albúmen e da gema e a composição centesimal dos ovos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Todos os parâmetros de qualidade física diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), com melhores resultados de percentagens de gema e albúmen para os sistemas cage-free e free-range, melhor unidade Haugh para o sistema cage-free no tempo zero de armazenamento e melhor pH da gema para ovos do sistema em gaiola. Menores valores de TBARS foram observados no sistema free-range, mas de maneira geral os demais resultados encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o consumo de alimentos. Os ovos mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados. Conclui-se que a qualidade físico-quimica dos ovos nos diferentes sistemas pode ser influenciada pela temperatura e período de armazenamento, pois quando mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados para todos os parâmetros avaliados.

Was evaluated the effect of temperature and storage time on the physical-chemical quality of laying eggs created on different systems. We used 1350 eggs of laying hens Isa Brown with 46 weeks old. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in 3x2x5 factorial design, with three production systems (conventional, cage-free and free-range), two temperatures (ambient and chilled) and five storage time (zero, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with 15 repetitions. We evaluated the percentage of weight loss, specific gravity (g/cm³), Haugh units, yolk index (g) and percentage of yolk and albumen, the lipid oxidation, pH of the albumen and yolk. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. All the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), with worse results (P<0.05) in conventional system for the percentagens of yolk and albumen in the cage-free system, however this system was the best for the yolk pH and UH. The eggs in the refrigeration had the best results. Concludes that the physical-chemical egg quality in different systems can be influenced by temperature and storage time kept the eggs under refrigeration obtained better results for all parameter.

Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Laying Hens Fed Diets Formulated Using Non-Linear Programming

Feed formulation using linear programming consists of determining the mixture of feedstuffs required to meet pre-established animal nutritional requirements at the lowest cost. On the other hand, with the use of non-linear programming, it is possible to define nutritional requirements at the time of formulation, aiming at maximum profit. The objective of the present study was to compare feeds formulated using linear and non-linear programming in terms of live performance and internal and external egg quality of commercial laying hens. A total of 288 Hisex® White laying hens, 1.540 ± 0.128 g body weight, were evaluated from 33 to 45 weeks of age. Hens were distributed in a completely randomized block design, including six treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. Three treatments consisted of feeds formulated using linear programming and based on the nutritional requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011), of the genetic strain manual, or mathematical models to maximize performance. The other three treatments consisted of feeds formulated using non-linear programming considering typical, favorable, or unfavorable market scenarios. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and in case of significance (p 0.05), means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test (5%).The treatments did not influence (p>0.05) Haugh unit, albumen height, or external egg quality parameters. Treatment effects (p 0.05) on yolk weight, albumen weight, yolk color, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, and performance parameters were described. In general, feeds formulated using linear programming and based on nutritional requirements obtained by mathematical models and the genetic strain manual promoted better performance results because the feeds were nutritionally denser. However, the treatments that maximized live performance did not result in higher profitability, which was obtained with the diet formulated for a favorable market scenario using non-linear programming.

Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Laying Hens Fed Diets Formulated Using Non-Linear Programming

Feed formulation using linear programming consists of determining the mixture of feedstuffs required to meet pre-established animal nutritional requirements at the lowest cost. On the other hand, with the use of non-linear programming, it is possible to define nutritional requirements at the time of formulation, aiming at maximum profit. The objective of the present study was to compare feeds formulated using linear and non-linear programming in terms of live performance and internal and external egg quality of commercial laying hens. A total of 288 Hisex® White laying hens, 1.540 ± 0.128 g body weight, were evaluated from 33 to 45 weeks of age. Hens were distributed in a completely randomized block design, including six treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. Three treatments consisted of feeds formulated using linear programming and based on the nutritional requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011), of the genetic strain manual, or mathematical models to maximize performance. The other three treatments consisted of feeds formulated using non-linear programming considering typical, favorable, or unfavorable market scenarios. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and in case of significance (p 0.05), means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test (5%).The treatments did not influence (p>0.05) Haugh unit, albumen height, or external egg quality parameters. Treatment effects (p 0.05) on yolk weight, albumen weight, yolk color, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, and performance parameters were described. In general, feeds formulated using linear programming and based on nutritional requirements obtained by mathematical models and the genetic strain manual promoted better performance results because the feeds were nutritionally denser. However, the treatments that maximized live performance did not result in higher profitability, which was obtained with the diet formulated for a favorable market scenario using non-linear programming.(AU)

Indicadores da qualidade fisico-química de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas criadas em diferentes sistemas de produção / Physical-chemical quality of laying eggs of conventional system, cage-free and free-range

Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de estocagem e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade físico-química de 1350 ovos provenientes de galinhas poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown com 46 semanas de idade, criadas em diferentes sistemas (baterias de gaiolas, livre de gaiola ou cage-free e com acesso à área de piquetes para pastejo ou free-range). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, com três sistemas de produção (gaiola, cage-free, free-range), duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigerada) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (zero, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 15 repetições, de 3 ovos cada. Foi avaliada a percentagem de perda de peso, gravidade específica (g/cm³), unidade Haugh, índice gema (g) e, percentagem de gema e albúmen, oxidação lipídica, pH do albúmen e da gema e a composição centesimal dos ovos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Todos os parâmetros de qualidade física diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), com melhores resultados de percentagens de gema e albúmen para os sistemas cage-free e free-range, melhor unidade Haugh para o sistema cage-free no tempo zero de armazenamento e melhor pH da gema para ovos do sistema em gaiola. Menores valores de TBARS foram observados no sistema free-range, mas de maneira geral os demais resultados encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o consumo de alimentos. Os ovos mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados. Conclui-se que a qualidade físico-quimica dos ovos nos diferentes sistemas pode ser influenciada pela temperatura e período de armazenamento, pois quando mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados para todos os parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

Was evaluated the effect of temperature and storage time on the physical-chemical quality of laying eggs created on different systems. We used 1350 eggs of laying hens Isa Brown with 46 weeks old. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in 3x2x5 factorial design, with three production systems (conventional, cage-free and free-range), two temperatures (ambient and chilled) and five storage time (zero, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with 15 repetitions. We evaluated the percentage of weight loss, specific gravity (g/cm³), Haugh units, yolk index (g) and percentage of yolk and albumen, the lipid oxidation, pH of the albumen and yolk. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. All the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), with worse results (P<0.05) in conventional system for the percentagens of yolk and albumen in the cage-free system, however this system was the best for the yolk pH and UH. The eggs in the refrigeration had the best results. Concludes that the physical-chemical egg quality in different systems can be influenced by temperature and storage time kept the eggs under refrigeration obtained better results for all parameter.(AU)

Effects of nutritional levels on performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility of sexed broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nutrient levels on performance, carcass yield, commercial cuts, digestibility and economical viability of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. During the experiment, 180 COBB 500™ chicks were housed in metal batteries and subjected to a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, of two sexes and three diets (male, female and mixed), totaling 6 treatments and 6 repetitions of 5 birds each. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and the means were compared using the Tukey test, at 5% probability. The results indicate the effect of sex on performance and commercial cuts, except for breast and thigh fillets, in which males and females showed similar results when given the mixed diet. The influence of the nutritional levels on performance, digestibility and commercial cuts was observed, in which the female diet showed the highest results for feed intake, body weight and weight gain, in addition to greater retention of protein and crude energy. For drumstick and abdominal fat yield, the highest values were obtained using the mixed diet and the female diet, and the lowest values were obtained using the male diet. Regarding economic viability, the female diet showed the highest return per unit of Real (R$) spent on feed. Therefore, these data prove that the female diet had a positive effect when provided to both sexes, and it may be a promising alternative for its application at the production level.

Effects of nutritional levels on performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility of sexed broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nutrient levels on performance, carcass yield, commercial cuts, digestibility and economical viability of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. During the experiment, 180 COBB 500™ chicks were housed in metal batteries and subjected to a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, of two sexes and three diets (male, female and mixed), totaling 6 treatments and 6 repetitions of 5 birds each. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and the means were compared using the Tukey test, at 5% probability. The results indicate the effect of sex on performance and commercial cuts, except for breast and thigh fillets, in which males and females showed similar results when given the mixed diet. The influence of the nutritional levels on performance, digestibility and commercial cuts was observed, in which the female diet showed the highest results for feed intake, body weight and weight gain, in addition to greater retention of protein and crude energy. For drumstick and abdominal fat yield, the highest values were obtained using the mixed diet and the female diet, and the lowest values were obtained using the male diet. Regarding economic viability, the female diet showed the highest return per unit of Real (R$) spent on feed. Therefore, these data prove that the female diet had a positive effect when provided to both sexes, and it may be a promising alternative for its application at the production level.(AU)

Firewood ash as calcium source in the initial diet of broiler chickens

This experiment aimed to evaluate the utilization of firewood ash as calcium source in the initial diet of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty eight broiler chickens of Cobb-500® strain, from 1 to 21 days of age, were randomly distributed in four treatments with four repetitions of eight birds each, been four female and four male. The experimental diets were corn-soybean based, been isoenergetic and isonutrients, and had 0, 0.32, 0.98 and 1.27% of firewood ash as calcium source. The firewood ash utilized had 23.8% of calcium, 0.39% of total phosphorus, and 0.11% of sodium. The experimental treatments did not influence the feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, and food conversion from 1 to 7, 1 to 14, and 1 to 21 days of age. The tibia and femur thickness and length at 21 days of age were not altered by treatments. It was concluded that the firewood ash can be used as calcium sourcereplacing limestone in the initial diet of broiler chickens, without change the performance and the bone development.

Firewood ash as calcium source in the initial diet of broiler chickens

This experiment aimed to evaluate the utilization of firewood ash as calcium source in the initial diet of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty eight broiler chickens of Cobb-500® strain, from 1 to 21 days of age, were randomly distributed in four treatments with four repetitions of eight birds each, been four female and four male. The experimental diets were corn-soybean based, been isoenergetic and isonutrients, and had 0, 0.32, 0.98 and 1.27% of firewood ash as calcium source. The firewood ash utilized had 23.8% of calcium, 0.39% of total phosphorus, and 0.11% of sodium. The experimental treatments did not influence the feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, and food conversion from 1 to 7, 1 to 14, and 1 to 21 days of age. The tibia and femur thickness and length at 21 days of age were not altered by treatments. It was concluded that the firewood ash can be used as calcium sourcereplacing limestone in the initial diet of broiler chickens, without change the performance and the bone development.(AU)

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.(AU)