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1.
RSC Adv ; 14(20): 13862-13899, 2024 Apr 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38694553

ABSTRACT

The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacterial strains and biofilm-associated diseases have heightened concerns about exploring alternative bactericidal methods. The WHO estimates that at least 700 000 deaths yearly are attributable to antimicrobial resistance, and that number could increase to 10 million annual deaths by 2050 if appropriate measures are not taken. Therefore, the increasing threat of AR bacteria and biofilm-related infections has created an urgent demand for scientific research to identify novel antimicrobial therapies. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties, and ongoing research holds great promise for developing effective NMs-based treatments for bacterial and viral infections. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of NMs based mechanisms combat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by acquired antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this review examines NMs design features and attributes that can be optimized to enhance their efficacy as antimicrobial agents. In addition, plant-based NMs have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections due to their reduced toxicity compared to other NMs. The potential of plant mediated NMs for preventing AR is also discussed. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the properties and mechanisms of NMs for the development of effective strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

2.
Chemosphere ; 307(Pt 3): 135952, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35964716

ABSTRACT

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) contains a significant volume of highly polluted organic wastes. These include blood, fat, soluble proteins, colloidal particles, suspended materials, meat particles, and intestinal undigested food that consists of higher concentrations of organics such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus hence an efficient treatment is required before discharging into the water bodies. The effluent concentrations and performance of simultaneous sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with recycled plastic carrier media support are better than the local single-stage sequential batch reactor (SBR), which is lacking in the literature in terms of COD, NH3, NO3, and PO4 treatment efficiency. The present study reports a novel strategy to remove the above mentioned contaminants using an intermittently aerated SBBR with recycled plastic carrier media support along with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The central composite design was evaluated to optimize the treatment performance of seven different process variables including; different alternating conditions (Oxic/anoxic) for aeration cycles (3/2 h in a 6 h cycle, 6/5 h in a 12 h cycle and 9/8 h in an 18 h cycle) and hydraulic retention time (6, 12 and 18 h). The average removal efficiencies are 94.5% for NH3, 93% for NO3 and 90.1% for PO4, and 99% for COD. The study reveals that the denitrification in the post-anoxic phase was more efficient than the pre-anoxic phase for pollutant removal and maintaining higher quality effluent. The effluent concentrations and performance of simultaneous SBBR with recycled polyethylene carrier support media were better than local SBR system in terms of COD, NH3, NO3 and PO4 treatment efficiency. Results stipulated the suitability of SBBR for wastewater treatment and reusability as a sustainable approach for wastewater management under optimum conditions.


Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants , Wastewater , Abattoirs , Biofilms , Bioreactors , Nitrogen/metabolism , Oxygen/metabolism , Phosphorus , Plastics , Polyethylenes , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water
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