Hybrid Transcarotid Exclusion of Postoperative Ascending Aortic Dissection in an Infant.

Aortic dissection is very rare in pediatric patients, and associated risk factors include congenital heart disease, previous cardiac surgery, and vasculopathies. Acute postoperative aortic dissection in pediatric patients can be life-threatening. We performed a novel hybrid transcarotid covered stent exclusion of a postoperative ascending aortic dissection in an infant. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Contemporary Provider Management Practices and Attitudes Toward Referral for Advanced Heart Failure Therapies in Fontan Patients Across North America.

BACKGROUND: To date, no reports have described clinicians' management practices for patients with Fontan circulatory failure or their understanding of risk factors for mortality and transplant outcomes in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional survey of caregivers across North America was conducted from February to September 2020. Responses were compared by primary specialty (heart failure/transplant vs non-heart failure/transplant), years of experience (early, mid, and late career), and Fontan center volume (low, medium, and high). Of 400 responses, the majority were from general cardiologists (111, 28%) followed by heart failure/transplant specialists (93, 23%). Although most agreed that patients with Fontan physiology will have signs/symptoms of heart failure (369 [93%]) and eventuate in heart transplant (286 [72%]), many disagreed (180 [45%]) that routine evaluation by a transplant cardiologist is needed without symptoms. Transplant providers were more likely than non-transplant providers to suggest referral for manifestations of Fontan circulatory failure such as protein-losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis, liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, and worsening valve regurgitation. Non-transplant providers were more likely to suggest that protein-losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis, and Fontan-associated liver disease lead to inferior outcomes after transplantation. Early career and transplant providers more favorably viewed ventricular assist device use for Fontan patients failing traditional heart failure therapy (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variation in the management of Fontan patients, including heterogeneous timing of referral of such patients to the heart failure/transplant team, which may have implications for future outcomes.

Temporary Veno-Venous ECMO for Acute Respiratory Illness in Pediatric Berlin Heart Patient.

We report the unique case of a 2-year-old male with severe heart failure requiring mechanical circulatory support with a left ventricular assist device, who developed adenovirus pneumonitis infection requiring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. He progressed to acute respiratory failure and refractory hypoxemia despite intubation with maximum respiratory support. The patient was placed on ECMO with improvement in lung function over four days with subsequent successful decannulation. During the ECMO run, anticoagulation required escalation given the increased circuit surface area. Patient has since recovered and undergone heart transplantation.

Association of Ancestral Genetic Admixture and Excess Weight at Twelve Months of Age.

Background/Objective: Understanding the influence of genetically determined ancestry may give insight into the disparities of obesity seen in different ethnic groups beginning at a very early age. Aim: To investigate the relationship between children's ancestral genetic proportions and excess weight at 12 months of age. Methods: Eight hundred twenty-one 12-month-old children were included in this cross-sectional study. Their genetic admixture was estimated using the ancestry and kinship tool kit by projecting the samples into the 1000 Genomes principal component database. Weight-for-length percentile (WFLP) at 12 months of age was categorized as <95th percentile or ≥95th percentile. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of admixture proportions, including European (EUR), admixed American (AMR), African (AFR), South Asian (SAS), and East Asian (EAS) populations, with WFLP categories, adjusting for maternal education, birth weight, frequency of breastfeeding, and juice consumption. Results: Eight hundred twenty-one children were included; WFLP <95th percentile = 671 (81.7%) and WFLP ≥95th percentile = 150 (18.3%). Crude ORs showed that the EUR admixture was protective [OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.27-0.74)], whereas AMR [OR 3.85 (95% CI 1.92-7.70)] and AFR [OR 5.70 (95% CI 2.19-14.85)] admixtures were positively associated with excess weight. After adjusting for confounding variables, only the AFR admixture was associated with WFLP ≥95th percentile [OR 7.38 (95% CI 2.31-23.59)]. Conclusions: AFRs remain associated with early excess weight after accounting for confounding variables, suggesting that this ancestral genetic background may contribute to the differences seen in early childhood obesity.

Full diffusion characterization implicates regionally disparate neuropathology in mild cognitive impairment.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used to detect tissue pathology. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, DTI has been used to elucidate differences in disease stages and to track progression over time and clinical severity. Many of these studies have identified the fornix as particularly vulnerable in the early stages of pathology associated with memory decline in prodromal AD. Emerging research suggests principal tensor components, axial (DA) and radial (DR) diffusivity, are more sensitive to underlying tissue pathology than are mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA). Given the established regionally specific tissue decline in MCI, we examined components of the full diffusion tensor (MD, FA, DR, and DA) for sensitivity to regional pathology associated with specific memory deficits in 18 individuals with MCI. We investigated multiple regions of interest, including fornix, temporal stem, and control regions for association with severity of impairment on multiple memory measures, including a type of neuropsychological task shown to be particularly sensitive to early memory decline in MCI. Better paired associate learning was selectively associated with lower DA (ß = -0.663, p = 0.003), but not with DR, MD, or FA of the temporal stems. Conversely, better paired associate learning was associated with lower DR (ß = -0.523, p = 0.026), higher FA (ß = 0.498, p = 0.036), and lower MD (ß = -0.513, p = 0.030), but not DA in the fornix. No association was found for control regions, or for control cognitive measures. These findings suggest disparate pathology of temporal stems and fornix white matter in association with early memory impairment in MCI. Further, they highlight the methodological importance of evaluating the full tensor, rather than only summative metrics in research using DTI.

Concord grape juice supplementation and neurocognitive function in human aging.

Polyphenol compounds found in berry fruits, in particular flavonoids, have been associated with health benefits including improvement in cognition and neuronal function with aging. Concord grape juice contains polyphenols, including anthocyanins and flavanols, and previous research has shown improvement in a number of human health conditions with grape juice supplementation. In the current study, older adult subjects with mild cognitive impairment consumed Concord grape juice or placebo for 16 weeks and were administered assessments of memory function and brain activation pre- and postintervention. Participants who consumed grape juice showed reduced semantic interference on memory tasks. Relatively greater activation in anterior and posterior regions of the right hemisphere was also observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging in the grape juice treated subjects. These findings provide further evidence that Concord grape juice can enhance neurocognitive function in older adults with mild memory decline.