ABSTRACT
Increasing klystron tubes' efficiency is essential in developing new-generation colliders and free-electron lasers. Different factors can affect the efficiency of a multi-beam klystron. One of the significant factors is the electric field symmetry inside cavities, especially in the output section. In this research, two different types of couplers are investigated in the extraction cavity of a 40-beam klystron. The first approach is a single slot coupler, which is frequently utilized and easier to fabricate but disturbs the electric field symmetry inside the extraction cavity. The second method has a more complex structure with symmetric electric fields. In this design, the coupler consists of 28 mini slots on the inner wall of the coaxial extraction cavity. Both designs are evaluated via particle in cell simulations, and the results exhibit around 30% more power extracted from the structure with a symmetric field distribution. The symmetric structures can also decrease the number of back-streamed particles by up to 70%.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of supplementing Lake extender with cysteamine (CYS) on rooster semen quality in cold storage and it's fertility performance. Semen samples were diluted with Lake extender supplemented with different concentrations of CYS (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mM) and were cooled and stored at 5 °C for a period of 46 h. Motility, membrane functionality, viability, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondria membrane potential were evaluated at 0, 23 and 46 h of storage. Fertility was assessed at 23 h of storage. Although at the beginning time (0 h), parameters were not affected, 1 mM of CYS improved (P ≤ 0.05) total motility, progressive motility and mitochondria membrane potential during 23 and 46 h storage. Moreover, 1 and 2 mM CYS improved (P ≤ 0.05) membrane functionality and viability compared to other groups. Lipid peroxidation was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in samples diluted with 1 and 2 mM CYS compared to the others. Artificial insemination with 23-hrs cooled-stored semen produced the higher (P ≤ 0.05) fertility rate in groups received 1 and 2 mM CYS compared to the control group. In conclusion, addition of 1 and 2 mM CYS to the extender could be helpful to protect rooster semen against structural and functional damages of cooling storage process.
