Regulation of signaling pathways by ß-elemene in cancer progression and metastasis.

Entry of ß-elemene into various phases of clinical trials advocates its significance as a premium candidate likely to gain access to mainstream medicine. Based on the insights gleaned from decades of research, it seems increasingly transparent that ß-elemene has shown significant ability to modulate multiple cell signaling pathways in different cancers. We partition this multicomponent review into how ß-elemene strategically modulates various signal transduction cascades. We have individually summarized regulation of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand, signal transducers and activators of transcription, transforming growth factor/SMAD, NOTCH, and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways by ß-elemene. Last, we will discuss the results of clinical trials of ß-elemene and how effectively we can use these findings to stratify patients who can benefit most from ß-elemene.

[MODIFICATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK WITH A COMBINATION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND VEGETATIVE NERVOUS DYSFUNCTION].

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of vegetative nervous dysfunction on the level of cardiovascular risk in persons with metabolic syndrome undergoing intensive monitoring. The survey involved 750 civil servants aged 35 to 70 years, including 476 men and 274 women. Diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MS) was carried out according to the IDF and AHA / NHLBI consensus criteria (2009). The investigation of the state of vegetative nervous regulation of hemodynamics was carried out by means of variational intervalometry. As the "end points" of the study, any form of acute coronary syndrome, acute impairment of cerebral circulation or other forms of peripheral arterial blood flow disturbance during the study period was considered. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearson's χ2 criterion the two-sided Fisher exact test and two-sided Dannet t-criterion. The frequency of metabolic syndrome in the group was 40.3%. Vegetative nervous dysfunction (VND) was detected in 45.6% of cases. The frequency of combinations of metabolic syndrome and VND was 21.7% and significantly exceeded the expected with an independent distribution of these pathological conditions. A significant excess of the frequency of development of acute violations of the regional circulation in the group of the presence of a combination of metabolic syndrome and autonomic dysfunction was observed over those surveyed with the absence of these pathological conditions. Significant differences were revealed by the results of the observation of the combination group of MS and VND in comparison with all the others: VND without MS (χ2 = 4.92, p = 0.046); MS without VND (χ2=4.26, p = 0.057); absence of MS and VD (χ2 = 8.35, p = 0.022). Between groups of patients without a combination of syndromes, no significant differences were revealed. Thus, autonomic dysfunction can be a factor associated with metabolic syndrome and modifying the risk of cardiovascular complications in the direction of its increase.

[Activity of digestive enzymes in offspring of rats fed a ration contaminated by heavy metals during lactation].

Is was shown the consumption of heavy metal's salts with food by lactating rats, essential influences on formation of mechanisms of cavity and membrane digestive in offspring. This influence is shown in repression of activity of pancreatic alpha-amylase and enteral saccrase, maltase as well as in induction of lactase activity in growing rats.

[The effect of insufficient nutrition during the suckling of rats on their growth and digestion]. / Vliianie nedostatochnogo pitaniia v period molochnogo vskarmlivanie krys na ikh rost i pishchevarenie.

The average weight of the bodies and the small intestine brush was 30% less in the malnourished 21-day old rats as compared with the control. The weight of the pancreas was 18% less. A decrease in the hydrolytic strength of the enzyme pools followed the changes in enzymatic activity during the primary and the last hydrolysis of food.

[Changes in the enzyme activities of the pancreas and small intestine in rat pups during the transition from milk to definitive nutrition]. / Izmeneniia fermentnykh aktivnostei podzheludochnoi zhelezy i tonkoi kishki u krysiat pri perekhode ot molochnogo na definitivnoe pitanie.

The diet with high contents of protein, lipids and carbohydrates resulted in an adaptive shift of the hydrolytic function of the rat pancreas and small intestine. High-protein diet led to activation of proteolytic enzyme pool, the same occurred with high-lipid and high-carbohydrate diets.

[The effect of malnutrition during the suckling period on the functional development of the pancreas and small intestine]. / Vliianie nedoedaniia v period molochnogo vskarmlivaniia na funktsional'noe razvitie podzheludochnoi zhelezy i tonkoi kishki.

From the 1st until the 21st day of life, 8 sucklings were fed by 1 lactating rat (unlimited feeding) and 16 sucklings were also fed by 1 lactating rat (limited feeding). The limitation of feeding during suckling period was found to induce a growth retardation, a hypertrophy of the pancreas and small intestine, as well as a stable decrease in the activity of pancreatic and enteral enzymes.

[The effect of malnutrition during milk feeding on the enzyme activity of the initial and final stages of carbohydrate hydrolysis in the small intestine of growing rats]. / Vliianie nedoedaniia v period molochnogo vskarmlivaniia na aktivnost' fermentov nachal'nogo i zakliuchitel'nogo étapov gidroliza uglevodov v tonkoi kishke rastushchikh krys.

Malnutrition in the period from 10 to 17 days of postnatal life causes in young rats an early increase of intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity. However, this rise in the enzyme activity is soon changed by its decrease during normal nutrition. The decreased level of the enzyme activity remains stable during 2-3 weeks after the reduction of normal nutrition.

[Effect of mobilization of the posterior cardial wall on the completeness of selective proximal vagotomy]. / Vliianie mobilizatsii zadnei stenki kardial'nogo otdela zheludka na polnotu selektivnoi proksimal'noi vagotomii.

On the basis of the revealed on 76 cadavers by means of preparation neural + connections of the posterior wall of the gastric cardia and celiac plexus and results of the selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) performed in 111 patients with the duodenal ulcer disease, it was established that mobilization of the posterior wall of the cardia provided the full-value denervation of the stomach and prevented the ulcer recurrency.

[The enzyme systems of the cavitary and membrane hydrolysis of foodstuffs in the ontogeny of Karakul sheep]. / Fermentnye sistemy polostnogo i membrannogo gidroliza pitatel'nykh veshchestv v ontogeneze karakul'skikh ovets.

By means of biochemical determination of the activity of hydrolases in the digestive system, studies have been made on the enzymic spectrum in the pancreas and small intestine in postnatal life of astrakhan sheep. It was shown that to the moment of birth, animals possess the developed mechanisms of the initial and final stages of hydrolysis of proteins and lipids. At this period, carbohydrate hydrolysis system is presented only by lactase, the activity of pancreatic alpha-amylase, intestinal gamma-amylase and maltase being very low, whereas the activity of saccharides is absent at all. During further development of sheep, the activity of all digestive hydrolases gradually increases, except that of lactase which is almost absent in adult specimens. Saccharides activity was not find in the mucose of the small intestine within the whole postnatal life.

[Characteristics of the carbohydrate digestive transport carrier in rats exposed to the effect of a temperature factor in early postnatal ontogeny]. / Kharakteristika uglevodnogo pishchevaritel'no-transportnogo konveiera u krys, perenesshikh vliianie temperaturnogo faktora v rannem postnatal'nom ontogeneze.

Using accumulating preparations of the small intestine mucose, studies have been made of the initial stages of glucose uptake from solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in rat puppies at the age of 17, 24, 31 and 38 days, which were subjected from the 10th to the 17th day of postnatal life to daily heating (up to 40-41 degrees C) or cooling (up to 6-7 degrees C) for 2 hours. It was found that in heat-adapted animals, the rate of accumulation of "free" glucose remained the same as in control animals, whereas the rate of uptake of the glucose in the form of maltose or starch was significantly decreased. Cold adaptation promoted stable stimulation of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport functions of the intestine.

[Nitrogen fixation productivity in the plant phyllosphere]. / Produktivnost' azotfiksatsii v fillosfere rastenii.

The dynamics of nitrogen fixation was studied in the phyllosphere of birch and timothy, and the productivity of the process within the vegetation period was determined on the basis of the study. The activity of nitrogen fixation was measured under natural conditions using the acetylene technique. A proportion is suggested which makes it possible to determine the actual activity of nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere from the potential one. The productivity of nitrogen fixation was 7 and 10 kg of nitrogen per hectare per season for birch and timothy respectively.

[Effect of plant illumination and humidity on nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere]. / Vliianie osveshchennosti rastenii i vlazhnosti na azotfiksatsiiu v fillosfere.

The object of this work was to study the effect of illumination and humidity of air on the activity of nitorgenase in epiphytic microorganisms from the phyllosphere of timothy. An increase in humidity and illumination stimulated nitrogen fixation, apparently due to a higher rate of photosynthesis in the plants and of transport of the leaf excretion products.

[Detection of nitrogen fixing activity in the phyllosphere of plants]. / Obnaruzhenie azotfiksiruiushchei aktivnosti v filosfere rastenii.

The activity of the nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere of plants was assayed directly under the natural conditions. The highest rate of nitrogen fixation in the phylosphere was found in plants belonging to the family Compositae (4.34 . 10(-1) mg N2/m2/hr) while the lowest rate was observed in Acer platanoides (0.12 . 10(-1) mg N2/m2/hr), which constituted, on the average, from 0.1 to 10% of nitrogen assimilated by the plant in the course of its vital activity. The ratio between the nitrogen-fixing activity in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of different cereals was almost the same (6 : 1).

[Effect of cold stress on the postnatal formation of the carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport mechanisms in the rat small intestine]. / Valiianie kholodovogo stressa na postnatal'noe formirovanie mekhanizmov gidroliza i transporta uglevodov v tonkoi kishke krys.

In acute experiments on rats using accumulating mucosa preparation (AMP) method it was shown that cold training (daily 2-hour exposure to 6-7 degress C) exerts stable inhibitng effect to postnatal formation of maltase- and gamma-amilase transport digestive-absorbtive system and does not change the dynamics of its own transport. The same training program significantly accelerates the rate of hydrolytic-transport conveyor on the cell membrane external surface in rats aged from 10 to 17 days.

[Postnatal formation of the mechanisms of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport in the rat small intestine]. / Postnatal'noe formirovanie mekhanizmov gidroliza i transporta uglevodov v tonkoi kishke krys.

Using accumulating preparations of the mucose, studies have been made on the rate of accumulation of the glucose from 11 mM solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in proximal, intermediate and distal parts of the small intestine of 2--13-week rats. It was demonstrated that in 2-week animals, rather intensive transmembrane transport of "free" glucose takes place in the proximal and medial parts of the small intestine, the transport of glucose in the form of maltose or starch being absent. At later stages of postnatal life, especially to the onset of definitive nutrition, together with the induction of alpha-glucosidase systems, gamma-amylase and maltase transporting mechanisms are formed which provide for the adaptation of the organism to qualitatively new feeding conditions.

[Effect of heat and cold on the amylolytic and invertase activity of the small intestine of growing rats]. / Vliianie teplovogo i kholodovogo faktorov na amiloliticheskuiu i invertaznuiu aktivnost' tonkoi kishki u rastushchikh krys.

Acute experiments were conducted on ratlings; it was shown that the action of heat (40-41 degrees C), cold (5-6 degrees C), and ACTH injections (4 units per 100 g of body weight) during the first week after birth led to a sharp reduction of the total (alpha-gamma-conditioned) amylolytic and invertase activity of the homogenates and of the portions of the small intestine (turned inside out) of the growing rats. This depressed condition of the intestinal function was revealed directly after the arrest of the action of the unfavourable factors (7-day rats) and persisted for the subsequent two weeks of the animal life.

[The effect of malnutrition during the early period of postnatal ontogenesis on the amylolytic and invertase activity of the small intestinal mucous membrane of growing rats]. / Vliianie nedoedaniia v rannem periode postnatal'nogo ontogeneza na amiloliticheskuiu i invertaznuiu aktivnosti slizistoi obolochki tonkoi kishki rastushchikh krys

Acute experiments demonstrated that undernourishment caused during the first half of the lactation period of development (8 days of life) by keeping 16 young ones per each lactating female-rat or by 16-hour long weaning of rattlings from their mothers results in a drastic reduction of both specific amylolytic and invertase activity in different sections of the small intestine and in that of the latter's weight. This phenomenon becomes apparent not only at the time of undernourishment, but also during a fairly long period following putting the animals on an ordinary dietary regimen.

[The effect of high temperature and hydrocortisone on amylolytic and invertase activities of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in early ontogenesis of rats]. / Vliianie vysokoi temperatury i gidrokortizona na amiloliticheskuiu i invertaznuiu aktivnosti slizistoi tonkoi kishki krysiat

In experiments on 16-19 day rats, studies have been made of the effect of 2-hour heat exposure (40-41 degrees ) and hydrocortizone injection (4 mg per 100 g of body weight) on gamma-amylolytic and invertase activities of homogenized ad inside-turned pieces of proximal, middle and distal parts of the small intestine. It was shown that thermal stress results in a sharp increase of the enzymic activities of homogenates and total pieces of proximal and middle parts of the intestine. In distal parts, the enzymic induction is less significant or even completely absent. Hydrocortizone injections evoke similar changes, although the latter are more evident. On the basis of the data obtained, it is suggested that the effect of thermal factor on the synthesis of intestinal enzymes is realized via the hormones of suprarenal cortex.