Subject(s)
Burns/pathology , Fires , Lung/pathology , Adult , Female , Humans , Inhalation , Lung Injury , Male , Petroleum/adverse effects , PrognosisSubject(s)
Cytokines/pharmacology , Exercise/physiology , Inflammation , Humans , Lung Diseases, ObstructiveABSTRACT
In this review, a clinical update is presented of the most important collagen vascular diseases (CVDs) and the different types of interstitial lung disease (ILD) encountered in these CVDs. These CVDs represent a heterogenous group of immunologically mediated inflammatory disorders with a large variety of affected organs besides the lungs. The frequency, clinical presentation, prognosis and response to therapy vary depending on the histological pattern (usual interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, organising pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, nodular lesions, etc.), as well as on the underlying CVD (scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatopolymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome or mixed connective tissue disease). The diagnosis of most of these CVDs is based on a number of criteria; in several of these, however, lung involvement is not part of the diagnostic criteria. In addition, there may be overlaps between several of these CVDs. Optimal treatment varies depending on the type of collagen vascular disease and the presence of interstitial lung disease, although in many cases, a combination of corticosteroids and cytostatic drugs are given.
Subject(s)
Collagen Diseases/complications , Collagen Diseases/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/complications , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis , Vascular Diseases/complications , Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis , Dermatomyositis/complications , Dermatomyositis/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/complications , Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/diagnosis , Scleroderma, Systemic/complications , Scleroderma, Systemic/diagnosisABSTRACT
The principal function of the mucosal immune system is to protect the mucosa from exogenous aggression. It also involves a lymphocyte recirculation phenomenon allowing activated lymphocytes to migrate to the aggressed site, for example the bronchi, and to recirculate and colonize other sites of the mucosal immune system. In asthma, analysis of the other sites of the common mucosal immune system demonstrates asthma-like inflammatory reactions in the accessory salivary glands and the gut: lymphocyte infiltrate, mast cell activation, thickening of the basal membrane, accumulation and activation of eosinophils (gut), activation of endothelial cells expressing ICAM-1. Lymphocyte, eosinophil and mast cell infiltration is observed in the digestive tract as well as increased expression of IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF. The similarity of the anomalies observed in BALT and GALT tissues would suggest the entire mucosal immune system is implicated in asthma.
Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , Respiratory Mucosa/immunology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/immunology , Asthma/physiopathology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Cytokines/pharmacology , Humans , Lymphocytes/immunology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Heretofore most studies dealing with the association between perinatal complications and autism have used a normal comparison group. In this study obstetrical records of 59 autistic children were compared to those of 28 nonautistic children whose intelligence has a similar range and distribution as the autistic sample. Using an optimality score to reflect number of obstetrical complications, we found that the nonautistic controls experienced less optimal conditions than the autistic sample. Abnormal presentation at birth is the only factor that occurred more frequently for the autistic sample than control sample.
