ABSTRACT
Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 limbic encephalitis (anti-LGI1 LE) is a rare autoimmune limbic encephalitis with a potentially misleading presentation that can delay diagnosis and treatment. The incremental progression of widely variable symptoms with a prominent behavioral disturbance can conceal the disease and prompt an initial psychiatric diagnosis. Although specific MRI findings ought to be evident by the time the disease progresses to frank limbic encephalitis, it appears inconsistent and ill-defined and is thus unreliable. Nevertheless, brain imaging remains prominent in the discussion, even included in some guidelines for diagnosing anti-LGI1 LE. Here, we present a case of a patient who presented after a suicide attempt with a long history of psychiatric issues, aberrant "spasms," and subsequently encephalopathy, who was eventually diagnosed with anti-LGI1 LE only after delayed CSF antibodies studies. In this patient, symptoms emerged over two years, with multiple brain MRIs being negative, including the one completed during the hospital admission in focus. The purpose of this case report is to encourage maintaining a broad differential when patients present with bizarre symptoms. This report underlies the importance of thorough clinical evaluation, utilization of multiple diagnostic resources, and the need for heightened awareness among healthcare providers about the subtleties of autoimmune encephalitis presentations. With anti-LGI1 LE already being severely underdiagnosed, it is important to continue reviewing various cases of patients who are diagnosed with anti-LGI1 LE and further review to understand its pathophysiology and common clinical presentation. This case also underscores the ongoing evolution in understanding anti-LGI1 LE and highlights that patients may present with unfamiliar symptoms or diagnostic challenges. The overall objective is to help providers recognize anti-LGI1 LE earlier, so treatment can be initiated sooner, leading to a better prognosis for patients.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has decreased cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) worldwide. However, the impact of PCVs introduction may be affected by the serotype distribution in a specific context. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicenter passive surveillance study of IPD cases in pediatric patients hospitalized in Lima, Peru between 2016 and 2019 (after PCV13 introduction) to determine the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Serotyping was performed by a sequential multiplex PCR and confirmed by whole genome sequencing. RESULTS: Eighty-five S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered (4.07/100,000 among children <60 months of age). Serotype 19A was the most common (49.4%). Children infected with serotype 19A in comparison with children infected with other serotypes were younger, had a lower rate of meningitis and higher rates of pneumonia, complicated pneumonia and antimicrobial resistance; 28.6% of patients with serotype 19A have received at least one dose of PCV13 vs. 62.8% of patients with other serotypes. Using MIC-breakpoints, 81.2% (56/69) of non-meningitis strains and 31.2% (5/16) of meningitis strains were susceptible to penicillin; 18.8% (3/16) of meningitis strains had intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone. Resistance to azithromycin was 78.8% (67/85). Serotype 19A frequency increased over time in the same study population, from 4.2% (4/96) in 2006-2008, to 8.6% (5/58) in 2009-2011, to 49.4% (42/85) in the current study (2016-2019) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After PCV13 introduction in Peru, serotype 19A remains the most prevalent; however, the vaccination coverage is still not optimal. Therefore, additonal surveillance studies are needed to determine the remaining IPD burden.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Meningitis , Pneumococcal Infections , Pneumonia , Child , Humans , Infant , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Serogroup , Vaccines, Conjugate , Child, Hospitalized , Peru/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , SerotypingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determinate the frequency of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriers, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in healthy children in Lima, Peru, post-PCV13 introduction and to compare the results with a similar study conducted between 2006 and 2008 before PCV7 introduction (pre-PCV7). METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted between January 2018 and August 2019 in 1000 healthy children under two years of age. We use standard microbiological methods to determinate S. pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal swab, Kirby Bauer and minimum inhibitory concentration methods to determinate antimicrobial susceptibility and whole genomic sequencing to determinate pneumococcal serotypes. RESULTS: The pneumococcal carriage rate was 20.8 % vs. 31.1 % in pre-PCV7 (p < 0.001). The most frequent serotypes were 15C, 19A and 6C (12.4 %, 10.9 % and 10.9 % respectively). The carriage of PCV13 serotypes after PCV13 introduction decreased from 59.1 % (before PCV7 introduction) to 18.7 % (p < 0.001). Penicillin resistance was 75.5 %, TMP/SMX 75.5 % and azithromycin 50.0 %, using disk diffusion. Penicillin resistance rates using MIC breakpoint for meningitis (MIC ≥ 0.12) increased from 60.4 % to 74.5 % (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The introduction of PCV13 in the immunization program in Peru has decreased the pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and the frequency of PCV13 serotypes; however, there has been an increase in non-PCV13 serotypes and antimicrobial resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Pneumococcal Infections , Humans , Child , Infant , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Serogroup , Cross-Sectional Studies , Peru/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Penicillin Resistance , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Vaccines, ConjugateABSTRACT
Streptococcus pneumoniae upper respiratory infections and pneumonia are often treated with macrolides, but recently macrolide resistance is becoming an increasingly important problem. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in the National Immunization Program of Peru in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate the temporal evolution of macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates collected in five cross-sectional studies conducted before and after this vaccine introduction, from 2006 to 2019 in Lima, Peru. A total of 521 and 242 S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy carrier children < 2 years old (2 carriage studies) and samples from normally sterile body areas from pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (3 IPD studies), respectively, were included in this study. Phenotypic macrolide resistance was detected using the Kirby-Bauer method and/or MIC test. We found a significant increase in macrolide resistance over time, from 33.5% to 50.0% in carriage studies, and from 24.8% to 37.5% and 70.8% in IPD studies. Macrolide resistance genes [erm(B) and mef(A/E)] were screened using PCR. In carriage studies, we detected a significant decrease in the frequency of mef(A/E) genes among macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae strains (from 66.7% to 50.0%) after introduction of PCV13. The most common mechanism of macrolide-resistant among IPD strains was the presence of erm(B) (96.0%, 95.2% and 85.1% in the 3 IPD studies respectively). Macrolide resistance was more common in serotype 19A strains (80% and 90% among carriage and IPD strains, respectively) vs. non-serotype 19A (35.5% and 34.4% among carriage and IPD strains, respectively). In conclusion, S. pneumoniae macrolide resistance rates are very high among Peruvian children. Future studies are needed in order to evaluate macrolide resistance trends among pneumococcal strains, especially now after the COVID-19 pandemic, since azithromycin was vastly used as empiric treatment of COVID-19 in Peru.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumococcal Infections , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Humans , Infant , Macrolides/pharmacology , Pandemics , Peru/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Serogroup , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccines, ConjugateABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las características clínicas, resistencia antibiótica y distribución de serotipos de cepas causantes de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI) en adultos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio tipo serie de casos. Se recolectaron cepas de neumococo de pacientes adultos hospitalizados con ENI en cinco hospitales nacionales y dos laboratorios de Lima durante los años 2009-2011. Resultados. Se estudiaron datos de 43 pacientes con ENI, el 58,2% fueron mayores de 60 años. Los diagnósticos fueron neumonía 39,5%, meningitis 30,2%, bacteriemia 13,9%, peritonitis 11,6%, artritis séptica 4,8%. El porcentaje de fallecidos fue 28,9%, de los cuales el 72,7% fueron mayores de 60 años. Las cepas de neumococo presentaron la siguiente resistencia: penicilina 0% en cepas no meningitis y 30,8% en cepas meningitis; ceftriaxona 4,5% y 16,7% de resistencia intermedia en cepas no meningitis y cepas meningitis respectivamente; 69% a trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y 35,7% a eritromicina. Los serotipos más comunes fueron 19F, 23F, 6B, 14 y 6C. El porcentaje de cepas vacunales fue 44,2% para la vacuna conjugada siete-valente (PCV7) y para la PCV10, 51,2% para PCV13 y 60,4% para la vacuna polisacárida veintitrés-valente (PPV23). Conclusiones. El neumococo es un patógeno relevante en adultos, en especial en los adultos mayores, debido a su elevada mortalidad.
ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and distribution of serotypes of bacterial strains that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults. Materials and methods. Case series. Pneumococcal strains were isolated from 2009 to 2011 from hospitalized adult patients with IPD in five hospitals and two laboratories located in Lima. Results. The analysis of data from 43 patients with IPD indicated that 58.2% were older than 60 years. The most common complications were pneumonia (39.5%), meningitis (30.2%), bacteremia (13.9%), peritonitis (11.6%), and septic arthritis (4.8%). The mortality rate was 28.9%, and 72.7% of cases involved patients older than 60 years. The pneumococcal strains were resistant to the following antibiotics: penicillin, 0% and 30.8% in non-meningitis and meningitis strains, respectively; ceftriaxone, 4.5% and 16.7% in non-meningitis and meningitis strains, respectively; trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 69.0%; and erythromycin, 35.7%. The most common serotypes were 19F, 23F, 6B, 14, and 6C. The percentage of vaccine strains was 44.2% for the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) and PCV10, 51.2% for PCV13, and 60.4% for the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Conclusions. Pneumococcus is an important pathogen in adults, particularly in older adults, owing to its high mortality rate.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Peru , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics , Urban Population , Serogroup , HospitalizationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES.: To describe the clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and distribution of serotypes of bacterial strains that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Case series. Pneumococcal strains were isolated from 2009 to 2011 from hospitalized adult patients with IPD in five hospitals and two laboratories located in Lima. RESULTS.: The analysis of data from 43 patients with IPD indicated that 58.2% were older than 60 years. The most common complications were pneumonia (39.5%), meningitis (30.2%), bacteremia (13.9%), peritonitis (11.6%), and septic arthritis (4.8%). The mortality rate was 28.9%, and 72.7% of cases involved patients older than 60 years. The pneumococcal strains were resistant to the following antibiotics: penicillin, 0% and 30.8% in non-meningitis and meningitis strains, respectively; ceftriaxone, 4.5% and 16.7% in non-meningitis and meningitis strains, respectively; trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 69.0%; and erythromycin, 35.7%. The most common serotypes were 19F, 23F, 6B, 14, and 6C. The percentage of vaccine strains was 44.2% for the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) and PCV10, 51.2% for PCV13, and 60.4% for the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). CONCLUSIONS.: Pneumococcus is an important pathogen in adults, particularly in older adults, owing to its high mortality rate.
OBJETIVOS.: Describir las características clínicas, resistencia antibiótica y distribución de serotipos de cepas causantes de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI) en adultos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio tipo serie de casos. Se recolectaron cepas de neumococo de pacientes adultos hospitalizados con ENI en cinco hospitales nacionales y dos laboratorios de Lima durante los años 2009-2011. RESULTADOS.: Se estudiaron datos de 43 pacientes con ENI, el 58,2% fueron mayores de 60 años. Los diagnósticos fueron neumonía 39,5%, meningitis 30,2%, bacteriemia 13,9%, peritonitis 11,6%, artritis séptica 4,8%. El porcentaje de fallecidos fue 28,9%, de los cuales el 72,7% fueron mayores de 60 años. Las cepas de neumococo presentaron la siguiente resistencia: penicilina 0% en cepas no meningitis y 30,8% en cepas meningitis; ceftriaxona 4,5% y 16,7% de resistencia intermedia en cepas no meningitis y cepas meningitis respectivamente; 69% a trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y 35,7% a eritromicina. Los serotipos más comunes fueron 19F, 23F, 6B, 14 y 6C. El porcentaje de cepas vacunales fue 44,2% para la vacuna conjugada siete-valente (PCV7) y para la PCV10, 51,2% para PCV13 y 60,4% para la vacuna polisacárida veintitrés-valente (PPV23). CONCLUSIONES.: El neumococo es un patógeno relevante en adultos, en especial en los adultos mayores, debido a su elevada mortalidad.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Peru , Serogroup , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Urban Population , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES.: To describe the clinical characteristics, lethality, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotype distribution of pneumococcal meningitis in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A case series of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 16 years of age from two prospective, multicenter, passive surveillance studies of invasive pneumococcal diseases held in Lima-Peru from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2011. RESULTS.: We report 44 pneumococcal meningitis episodes; 68.2% of them were in children less than 2 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 32.6%; 92.9% of fatal cases were in children less than 2 years of age (p<0.05). Malnutrition was associated with fatal cases (p<0.05). 64.3% of fatal cases died within the first two days. 41.9% of pneumococcal isolates were resistant to penicillin, 23.3% were intermediate resistant to ceftriaxone (none were highly resistant) and 9.3% were resistant to chloramphenicol. The most common serotypes were 6B, 14, 19F and 23F, which accounted for 68.3% of all strains; 84.1% of strains were PCV13 serotypes. CONCLUSIONS.: Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be a lethal disease, especially in children less than 2 years of age. Since almost two third of lethal cases lead to death within the first 48 hours, prompt diagnosis and management is critical, as well as assurance of immunization with pneumococcal vaccine.
Subject(s)
Meningitis, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Peru , Prospective Studies , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniaeABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las características clínicas, letalidad, susceptibilidad antibiótica y distribución de serotipos de meningitis neumocócica en pacientes pediátricos de Lima, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. Serie de casos de meningitis neumocócica en niños menores de 16 años. Los datos fueron obtenidos de dos estudios multicéntricos prospectivos, de vigilancia pasiva de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva realizados en Lima-Perú desde los años 2006 al 2008, y del 2009 al 2011. Resultados. Reportamos 44 episodios de meningitis neumocócica; 68,2% fueron en niños menores de 2 años. La tasa de letalidad fue 32,6; y 92,9% de los casos letales ocurrieron en niños menores de dos años (p<0,05). La desnutrición estuvo asociada a los casos letales (p<0,05). El 64,3% de los casos fatales murieron dentro de los 2 primeros días. El 41,9% de los cultivos con neumococo fueron resistentes a la penicilina, 23,3% mostró resistencia intermedia a ceftriaxona (ninguno mostró resistencia completa) y 9,3% mostró resistencia a cloranfenicol. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron 6B, 14, 19F y 23F, los cuales constituyeron el 68,3% de todas las cepas; 84,1% de las cepas encontradas están incluidas en los serotipos de la vacuna 13 valente. Conclusiones. La meningitis neumocócica continúa siendo una enfermedad letal, especialmente en niños menores de 2 años. Dado que aproximadamente dos tercios de los casos letales fallecen en las primeras 48 h, es crítico un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, así como asegurar el cumplimiento de la inmunización con la vacuna neumocócica.
ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the clinical characteristics, lethality, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotype distribution of pneumococcal meningitis in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods. A case series of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 16 years of age from two prospective, multicenter, passive surveillance studies of invasive pneumococcal diseases held in Lima-Peru from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2011. Results. We report 44 pneumococcal meningitis episodes; 68.2% of them were in children less than 2 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 32.6%; 92.9% of fatal cases were in children less than 2 years of age (p<0.05). Malnutrition was associated with fatal cases (p<0.05). 64.3% of fatal cases died within the first two days. 41.9% of pneumococcal isolates were resistant to penicillin, 23.3% were intermediate resistant to ceftriaxone (none were highly resistant) and 9.3% were resistant to chloramphenicol. The most common serotypes were 6B, 14, 19F and 23F, which accounted for 68.3% of all strains; 84.1% of strains were PCV13 serotypes. Conclusions. Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be a lethal disease, especially in children less than 2 years of age. Since almost two third of lethal cases lead to death within the first 48 hours, prompt diagnosis and management is critical, as well as assurance of immunization with pneumococcal vaccine.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Peru , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Serotyping , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
El síndrome de Wilkie o síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior, es una entidad patológica poco frecuente. Descrito inicialmente por Von Rokitansky en 1861 y apoyado luego por Willet, en 1868. Se caracteriza por una compresión extrínseca de la tercera porción del duodeno por la arteria mesentérica superior y la aorta, ante la reducción del ángulo aortomesentérico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 36 años de edad, sin patologías médicas previas, con un cuadro crónico de pérdida de peso, vómitos y sensación de plenitud gástrica. Consultó a valoración en el Servicio de Cirugía, tras realizarse gastroscopía que revelaba una estrechez extrínseca distal al píloro gástrico. Se efectuaron estudios complementarios radiográficos, los cuales revelaron la disminución del ángulo entre la arteria aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior. Posteriormente se realizó un abordaje laparoscópico con anastomosis duodeno yeyunal latero-lateral, con corrección del cuadro patológico y evolución favorable del paciente.
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome (Wilkie syndrome) is an uncommon condition. It was first described in 1861 by Von Rokitansky and then reviewed by Willet in 1868. The syndrome develops when the third part of the duodenum is obstructed by the angle formed between the Aortic Artery and the Superior Mesenteric Artery. A 36-year-old male, with no previous medical conditions, with chronic weight loss, vomiting and epigastric pain. The patient was assessed by the Surgery Department after a gastric endoscopy revealed an extrinsic obstruction of the duodenum. After several radiological studies, a reduction of the Aortic and Superior Mesenteric Artery angle was found. A laparoscopic duodenum-yeyunum anastomosis was performed, the medical condition was solved and the patient evolved positively.
Subject(s)
Adult , Gastric Dilatation , Mesenteric Artery, Superior , Nausea , VomitingABSTRACT
Objetivos. Determinar el patrón de susceptibilidad antibiótica de cepas de Streptococcus pneumoniae aisladas de portadores nasofaríngeos sanos menores de 2 años de siete regiones del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Entre el 2007 y 2009 se tomaron muestras de hisopado nasofaríngeo a 2123 niños sanos entre 2 y 24 meses de edad en los consultorios de crecimiento y desarrollo (CRED) y vacunación de hospitales y centros de salud de Lima, Piura, Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa, Huancayo, e Iquitos. Se determinó la resistencia a diez antibióticos mediante la prueba de disco-difusión de las cepas de neumococo aisladas. Resultados. Se aislaron 572 cepas. Se encontró altas tasas de resistencia a cotrimoxazol (58%); penicilina (52,2% no-sensibles); tetraciclina (29,1%); azitromicina (28,9%), y eritromicina (26,3%). La resistencia a cloranfenicol fue baja (8,8%). Se encontró 29,5% de multirresistencia. La resistencia a la azitromicina y a la penicilina fue diferente en las siete regiones (p<0,05), hallándose el mayor porcentaje de cepas no-sensibles a penicilina en Arequipa (63,6%), mientras que el menor fue en Cusco (23,4%). Conclusiones. Los elevados niveles de resistencia encontrados para penicilina, cotrimoxazol y macrólidos en cepas de neumococo aisladas de portadores sanos en todas las regiones estudiadas, y su asociación con uso previo de antibióticos, representan un importante problema de salud pública en nuestro país. Esto resalta la necesidad de implementar, a nivel nacional, estrategias para disminuir el uso irracional de antibióticos, sobre todo en la población pediátrica. Es necesario complementar los datos de resistencia a penicilina con la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria para hacer las recomendaciones terapéuticas respectivas.
Objectives. To determine the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of healthy nasopharyngeal carriers younger than 2 years in seven regions of Peru. Materials and methods. Between 2007 and 2009, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected among 2123 healthy children aged 2-24 months in growth and development medical practices (CRED) and vaccination offices of hospitals and health centers in Lima, Piura, Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa, Huancayo, and Iquitos. The resistance to ten antibiotics through disk diffusion sensitivity testing of isolated pneumococcus strains was determined. Results. 572 strains were isolated. High rates of resistance to co-trimoxazole (58%), penicillin (52.2% non-sensitive); tetracycline (29,1%); azithromycin (28,9%), and erythromycin (26,3%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was low (8.8%). Multiresistance was found at 29.5%. Resistance to azithromycin and penicillin was different in all seven regions (p<0,05), the highest percentage of non-sensitive strains being found in Arequipa (63,6%), whereas the lowest percentage was found in Cusco (23.4%). Conclusions. High levels of resistance found to penicillin, co-trimoxasole and macrolides in isolated pneumococcus strains of healthy carriers in all studied regions, and their association to a previous use of antibiotics, represent a significant public health problem in our country. This emphasizes the need to implement nationwide strategies to reduce the irrational use of antibiotics, especially among children. It is necessary to complement data of resistance to penicillin with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration to make proper therapeutic recommendations.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Carrier State , Cross-Sectional Studies , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , PeruABSTRACT
Introducción: la fractura de escafoides es la más frecuente entre las fracturas del carpo. Su tratamiento puede ser conservador o quirúrgico. Este último ofrece una gama de opciones: la reducción abierta y la fijación interna, la osteosíntesis percutánea y la osteosíntesis percutánea bajo asistencia artroscópica. La asociación de lesiones ligamentarias intracarpianas detectadas en la artroscopía es frecuente. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en analizar una serie de casos, procurando determinar si dichas lesiones diagnosticadas mediante asistencia artroscópica son responsables de una evolución subóptima cuando no son tratadas. Materiales y Métodos: se evaluaron 71 pacientes con fracturas de escafoides tratados mediante osteosíntesis percutánea. Cuarenta y cuatro cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se compararon de forma retrospectiva 2 grupos tratados mediante osteosíntesis percutánea con asistencia artroscópica y sin ella. Resultados: los pacientes tratados mediante asistencia artroscópica tuvieron un mayor porcentaje de resultados funcionales más satisfactorios que los tratados sin asistencia artroscópica, expresado por un resultado estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,05). Discusión: hay muchos casos de fracturas de escafoides tratados adecuadamente mediante osteosíntesis que determinan una muñeca dolorosa con radiografía normal. No se ha determinado hasta el momento si las lesiones ligamentarias asociadas a estas fracturas determinen una evolución menos favorable cuando no son tratadas precozmente. A pesar del número poblacional reducido del grupo control, se identificó que la mejor evolución en el grupo tratado mediante asistencia artroscópica representa una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: el diagnóstico oportuno y el tratamiento temprano de...
Background: scaphoid fracture is the most common among carpal fractures. Treatment may be conservative or surgical, that offers a range of options: open reduction and internal fixation, percutaneous osteosynthesis and percutaneous fixation under arthroscopic assistance. The association of intracarpal ligament injuries detected by arthroscopy is common. The aim of this study is to analyze a series of cases to determine whether these lesions diagnosed by arthroscopic assistance are responsible for a suboptimal evolution when untreated. Materials and Methods: we evaluated 71 patients with scaphoid fractures treated by percutaneous osteosynthesis. Forty four met the inclusion criteria. We compared retrospectively two groups treated by percutaneous osteosynthesis with and without arthroscopic assistance. Results: patients treated with arthroscopic assistance had a greater percentage of satisfactory functional outcomes than those treated without arthroscopic assistance, expressed by a statistically significant result ( p < 0,05 ). Discussion: there are many cases of scaphoid fractures treated properly by osteosynthesis than determine a painful wrist with normal radiograph. It has not been determined so far if ligament injuries associated with these fractures determine a less favorable prognosis if not treated early. Despite the small population size of the control group, it was found that the improved performance in the group treated with arthroscopic assistance represents a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: early diagnosis and early treatment of intracarpal ligament injuries associated with scaphoid fractures using arthroscopic assistance establish a more favorable clinical outcome in the medium term. Study Design: Comparative Retrospective. Level of evidence: III.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Arthroscopy/methods , Scaphoid Bone/surgery , Scaphoid Bone/injuries , Wrist Injuries/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Prognosis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of healthy nasopharyngeal carriers younger than 2 years in seven regions of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2007 and 2009, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected among 2123 healthy children aged 2-24 months in growth and development medical practices (CRED) and vaccination offices of hospitals and health centers in Lima, Piura, Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa, Huancayo, and Iquitos. The resistance to ten antibiotics through disk diffusion sensitivity testing of isolated pneumococcus strains was determined. RESULTS: 572 strains were isolated. High rates of resistance to co-trimoxazole (58%), penicillin (52.2% non-sensitive); tetracycline (29,1%); azithromycin (28,9%), and erythromycin (26,3%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was low (8.8%). Multiresistance was found at 29.5%. Resistance to azithromycin and penicillin was different in all seven regions (p<0,05), the highest percentage of non-sensitive strains being found in Arequipa (63,6%), whereas the lowest percentage was found in Cusco (23.4%). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of resistance found to penicillin, co-trimoxasole and macrolides in isolated pneumococcus strains of healthy carriers in all studied regions, and their association to a previous use of antibiotics, represent a significant public health problem in our country. This emphasizes the need to implement nationwide strategies to reduce the irrational use of antibiotics, especially among children. It is necessary to complement data of resistance to penicillin with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration to make proper therapeutic recommendations.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Microbial , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Carrier State , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , PeruABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the carriage rate and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx of healthy children younger than 2 years prior to the universal use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2007 and 2009 we collected nasopharyngeal swab samples from 2,123 healthy children aged 2 to 24 months in the vaccination and healthy children consultation offices of pediatric hospitals and health centers in 7 cities in Peru: on the coast (Lima, Piura), highlands (Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa and Huancayo) and amazon basin (Iquitos). The pneumococcal strains were isolated and identified at the central laboratory of the project in Lima, and serotyped by Quellung reaction in the pneumococcal reference laboratory at the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). RESULTS: We found 27% (573/2123) of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal healthy carrier children. Among the 526 analyzed strains, we found 42 serotypes; the most common were: 19F (18.1%), 6B (14.3%); 23F (8.9%) and 14 (6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of vaccine serotypes in the analyzed strains was of 50% for the serotypes present in the seven-valent vaccine, 50.2% for the serotypes present in the ten-valent vaccine and 57.2% for those present in the thirteen-valent vaccine.
Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Vaccines , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Carrier State , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Peru , SerotypingABSTRACT
Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia y distribución de serotipos de S. pneumoniae en portadores nasofaríngeos sanos menores de dos años previa al uso universal de la vacuna conjugada antineumocócica en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Entre los años 2007 y 2009 se tomaron muestras de hisopado nasofaríngeo a 2123 niños sanos entre 2 y 24 meses de edad en los consultorios de crecimiento y desarrollo o vacunación de hospitales y centros de salud de siete ciudades del Perú: costa (Lima, Piura); sierra (Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa y Huancayo) y selva (Iquitos). Las cepas de neumococo fueron aisladas e identificadas en el laboratorio central del proyecto en Lima y serotipificadas por reacción de Quellung en el Laboratorio de Referencia de Neumococo del Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Resultados. Se encontró 27,0% (573/2123) de portadores nasofaríngeos sanos de neumococo. En las 526 cepas analizadas se encontraron 42 serotipos; los más frecuentes fueron: 19F (18,1%), 6B (14,3%); 23F (8,9%) y 14 (6,5%). Conclusiones. La distribución de serotipos vacunales en las cepas analizadas fue de 50,0% para los serotipos presentes en la vacuna conjugada heptavalente; 50,2% para los serotipos presentes en la vacuna decavalente y 57,2% para la vacuna 13-valente.
Objectives. To determine the carriage rate and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx of healthy children younger than 2 years prior to the universal use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Peru. Materials and methods. Between 2007 and 2009 we collected nasopharyngeal swab samples from 2,123 healthy children aged 2 to 24 months in the vaccination and healthy children consultation offices of pediatric hospitals and health centers in 7 cities in Peru: on the coast (Lima, Piura), highlands (Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa and Huancayo) and amazon basin (Iquitos). The pneumococcal strains were isolated and identified at the central laboratory of the project in Lima, and serotyped by Quellung reaction in the pneumococcal reference laboratory at the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Results. We found 27% (573/2123) of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal healthy carrier children. Among the 526 analyzed strains, we found 42 serotypes; the most common were: 19F (18.1%), 6B (14.3%); 23F (8.9%) and 14 (6.5%). Conclusions. The distribution of vaccine serotypes in the analyzed strains was of 50% for the serotypes present in the seven-valent vaccine, 50.2% for the serotypes present in the ten-valent vaccine and 57.2% for those present in the thirteen-valent vaccine.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Carrier State , Cross-Sectional Studies , Peru , SerotypingABSTRACT
El tumor de Frantz-Gruber es una masa sólida pseudopapilar de páncreas, poco común y con bajo potencial de malignidad, descrita por primera vez por Franz en 1959. Predomina en mujeres entre la 3era y 4ta década de la vida. La sintomatología está dada principalmente por efecto de masa y se caracteriza por dolor vago y sensación de plenitud. El diagnóstico radiológico incluye estudios como tomografía axial computalizada (TAC) y resonancia magnética, y los estudios histológicos confirman la sospecha clínica. El abordaje es quirúrgico en la mayoría de los casos e incluye una resección completa de tumor. La presencia de metástasis hepática no es infrecuente. La sobrevida a 5 años es por arriba del 90 por ciento. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 15 años, sin antecedentes patológicos o quirúrgicos, visto en el Servicio de Emergencias por epigastralgia y vómito. Un ultrasonido (US) abdominal demostró una lesión en la cola pancreática, luego por TAC y US endoscópico se logró documentar una masa de aspecto quístico y contenido denso que abarca también el cuerpo del páncreas. Se recomendó abordaje quirúrgico; durante la laparotomía exploratoria se halla tumoración mixta sólidoquística. Se practicó pancreatectomía distal y esplenectomía. La evolución y manejo postoperatorio fue sin complicaciones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Abdominal Pain , Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery , Pancreas , Pancreatectomy , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Introducción: El choque femoroacetabular es causa de lesiones del labrum y de coxartrosis en los pacientes jóvenes. Existe escasa evidencia sobre los resultados terapéuticos mediante la osteoplastia coxofemoral por vía anterior sin luxación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar una serie de pacientes tratados con dicha técnica centrándose en los cambios en la calidad de vida. Materiales y métodos: En 22 pacientes con síndrome de tipo cam se realizaron 24 queilectomías y 9 plásticas labrales mediante exposición anterior ¶reducida÷, capsulotomía anterior y osteoplastia insitu. Edad promedio: 44 años; seguimiento promedio: 24 meses. Se documentaron las complicaciones, la amplitud de movimiento y las imágenes radiológicas (T§nnis). Se definieron los niveles de calidad de vida en pobre, aceptable, buena y muy buena, según el dolor, la escala WOMAC y la reinserción deportiva. Resultados: La amplitud de movimiento aumentó en todos los pacientes. Se comprobó progresión radiológica en 4 casos. Después de 18 meses, 14 permanecían asintomáticos, con calidad de vida muy buena y 3, con buena. Como única complicación se produjo paresia temporal del femorocutáneo en 3 pacientes. Conclusiones: El progreso de la cirugía reconstructiva supone la realización de procedimientos poco agresivos que disminuyan las complicaciones secundarias y permitan una pronta reinserción a las actividades diarias. Esta técnica permite acceder a los osteofitos cervicales y al labrum anterior, donde se localizan 70 por ciento de las lesiones.(AU)
Subject(s)
Young Adult , Adult , Hip Joint/pathology , Hip Joint/abnormalities , Hip Joint/surgery , Acetabulum/abnormalities , Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery , Arthralgia , Quality of Life , Range of Motion, Articular , Follow-Up Studies , Pain MeasurementABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. METHODS: A 2-year, multicenter, passive surveillance study conducted from May 2006- April 2008 in 11 public hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients less than 16 years of age with sterile site cultures yielding S. pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by Etest® (AB Biodisk, Solna, Switzerland). Strains were serotyped by the Quellung reaction. RESULTS: In all, 101 IPD episodes were studied, 68.3% of which were among children less than 24 months of age. Diagnoses were: pneumonia (47.5%), meningitis (38.6%), and sepsis (7.9%). The overall case fatality rate was 22.0%; case fatality rate in meningitis was 32.4%. While 80.0% of fatal cases were in those less than 24 months of age, only 50.7% of non-fatal cases (P < 0.05) were in this age group. Resistance rates were high for trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (76.2%), erythromycin (24.8%), and penicillin (22.8%). The most common serotypes were 14, 6B, 19F, 23F, and 5, which accounted for 69.7% of all strains and 87.0% of penicillin non-susceptible strains. CONCLUSIONS: IPD in hospitalized children in Lima is associated with high antimicrobial resistance levels and elevated case fatality rate, especially in young children. This baseline data will be useful for evaluating the effects of vaccine introduction.
Subject(s)
Child, Hospitalized/statistics & numerical data , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine , Hospital Mortality , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Laboratories/statistics & numerical data , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Peru/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Population Surveillance , Prospective Studies , Sepsis/epidemiology , Sepsis/microbiology , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. METHODS: A 2-year, multicenter, passive surveillance study conducted from May 2006- April 2008 in 11 public hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients less than 16 years of age with sterile site cultures yielding S. pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by Etest® (AB Biodisk, Solna, Switzerland). Strains were serotyped by the Quellung reaction. RESULTS: In all, 101 IPD episodes were studied, 68.3 percent of which were among children less than 24 months of age. Diagnoses were: pneumonia (47.5 percent), meningitis (38.6 percent), and sepsis (7.9 percent). The overall case fatality rate was 22.0 percent; case fatality rate in meningitis was 32.4 percent. While 80.0 percent of fatal cases were in those less than 24 months of age, only 50.7 percent of non-fatal cases (P < 0.05) were in this age group. Resistance rates were high for trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (76.2 percent), erythromycin (24.8 percent), and penicillin (22.8 percent). The most common serotypes were 14, 6B, 19F, 23F, and 5, which accounted for 69.7 percent of all strains and 87.0 percent of penicillin non-susceptible strains. CONCLUSIONS: IPD in hospitalized children in Lima is associated with high antimicrobial resistance levels and elevated case fatality rate, especially in young children. This baseline data will be useful for evaluating the effects of vaccine introduction.
OBJETIVO: Determinar la epidemiología de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora y la sensibilidad a los antibióticos y la distribución de los serotipos de S. pneumoniae en pacientes pediátricos en Lima, Perú. MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico de vigilancia pasiva durante dos años, entre mayo del 2006 y abril del 2008, en 11 hospitales públicos y 5 consultorios privados de Lima, en pacientes menores de 16 años con cultivos de sitios estériles positivos para S. pneumoniae. Se determinó la sensibilidad a los antibióticos mediante Etest® (AB Biodisk, Solna, Suiza). Se serotipificaron las cepas mediante la reacción de Quellung. RESULTADOS: En total, se estudiaron 101 episodios de enfermedad neumocócica invasora, 68,3 por ciento de ellos en niños menores de 24 meses, con los siguientes diagnósticos: neumonía (47,5 por ciento), meningitis (38,6 por ciento) y septicemia (7,9 por ciento). La tasa de letalidad general fue de 22,0 por ciento y la tasa de letalidad por meningitis de 32,4 por ciento. Si bien 80,0 por ciento de los casos mortales ocurrió en menores de 24 meses, solo 50,7 por ciento de los casos no mortales (P < 0,05) ocurrió en este grupo de edad. Las tasas de resistencia fueron elevadas para trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (76,2 por ciento), eritromicina (24,8 por ciento) y penicilina (22,8 por ciento). Los serotipos más comunes, 14, 6B, 19F, 23F y 5, representaron 69,7 por ciento de todas las cepas, y 87,0 por ciento de las cepas no sensibles a la penicilina. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad neumocócica invasora en niños hospitalizados en Lima se asocia con altos niveles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos y una tasa de letalidad elevada, especialmente en niños pequeños. Estos datos iniciales serán útiles para evaluar los efectos de la introducción de las vacunas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Child, Hospitalized/statistics & numerical data , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Hospital Mortality , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Laboratories/statistics & numerical data , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Meningitis, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Peru/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Population Surveillance , Prospective Studies , Sepsis/epidemiology , Sepsis/microbiology , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Se presenta un caso de dolor de cara anterior de rodilla de causa turnoral de partes blandas en el alerón patelar medial, en un paciente de 50 años. Se realizó biopsia por resección de la turnoración. El estudio anatomo patológico concluye el diagnóstico de angioleiomioma. No se han hallado citas comunicando dicha localización. A pesar de su limitada dimensión, se presumió la etiología al configurarse el síndrome: dolor más masa palpable.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Angiomyoma/pathology , Angiomyoma/diagnosis , Angiomyoma/surgery , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/surgery , Knee Joint/pathology , Knee Joint/surgery , PainABSTRACT
Se presenta un caso de dolor de cara anterior de rodilla de causa turnoral de partes blandas en el alerón patelar medial, en un paciente de 50 años. Se realizó biopsia por resección de la turnoración. El estudio anatomo patológico concluye el diagnóstico de angioleiomioma. No se han hallado citas comunicando dicha localización. A pesar de su limitada dimensión, se presumió la etiología al configurarse el síndrome: dolor más masa palpable.