ABSTRACT
The management and final disposal of industrial wastes are a matter of considerable human concern. The present study evaluates the cyto/genotoxic effects and changes of the coelomic cell formulas exerted by aqueous leachates and solid waste (SW) of two industrial residues using coelomocytes extruded from Eisenia fetida. The assayed wastes corresponded to industrial foundry and cosmetic activities. After 14 days of exposure, we obtained a group of endpoints that reflect the toxicity/genotoxicity, coelomocyte formula and indexes; and the mortality classical value (LC50-14d). Among the variables measured, total coelomocytes formula (eleocytes + amebocytes + granulocytes) appears as a single and easy parameter to assess the toxicity of eluates at short exposure times. We applied a set of assays using earthworms as test organism that would allow evaluating SW as well as its aqueous leachates. It is easy to run trials combining exposures of 1 h to 14 days, which can be integrated into the implementation of the traditional test for evaluating acute toxicity.
Subject(s)
Cosmetics/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Industrial Waste , Oligochaeta/physiology , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Animals , Biomarkers/metabolism , EcotoxicologyABSTRACT
The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was used for the study of the genotoxic effects of insecticide Chlorpyrifos and fungicide Tebuconazole (commercial formulations) on two freshwater green algae species, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Nannocloris oculata, after 24 h of exposure. The percentage of DNA in tail of migrating nucleoids was taken as an endpoint of DNA impairment. Cell viability was measured by fluorometric detection of chlorophyll "a" in vivo and the determination of cell auto-fluorescence. Only the higher concentration of Chlorpyrifos tested resulted to affect significantly the cell viability of P. subcapitata, whereas cells of N. oculata were not affected. Tebuconazole assayed concentrations (3 and 6 mg/l) did not affect cell viability of both species. The results of comet assay on P. subcapitata showed that Chlorpyrifos concentration evaluated (0.8 mg/l) exerted a genotoxic effects; while for the other specie a concentration of 10 mg/l was needed. Tebuconazole was genotoxic at 3 and 6 mg/l for both species. The comet assay evidenced damage at the level of DNA simple strains molecule at pesticide concentrations were cytotoxicity was not evident, demonstrating that algae are models to take into account in ecological risk assessments for aquatic environments.
Subject(s)
Chlorophyta/drug effects , Chlorpyrifos/toxicity , DNA Damage , Triazoles/toxicity , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chlorophyll/analysis , Chlorophyll A , Comet Assay , Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicityABSTRACT
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) with aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained. Biological response was measured by acute toxicity of several aquatic trophic levels. The chemicals assayed were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, isopropylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, and butylbenzene. Acute toxicity tests were carried out with Scenedesmus quadricauda, as representative of primary producers; Daphnia spinulata, a zooplanctonic cladoceran; Hyalella curvispina, a benthic macroinvertebrate; and Bryconamericus iheringii, an omnivorous native fish. The EC50 or LC50 was calculated from analytical determinations of aromatic hydrocarbons. Nonlinear regression analysis between the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) of each compounds and the toxicity end points was performed. QSARs were positively related to increases in log Kow at all trophic levels. Intertaxonomic differences were found in comparisons of algae with animals and of invertebrates with vertebrates. We observed that these differences were not significant with a log Kow higher than 3 for all organisms. Aromatic hydrocarbons with log Kow values of less than 3 showed different toxicity responses, with algae more resistant than fish and invertebrates. We concluded that this was a result of the narcotic mode of action related to liposolubility and the ability of the compound to reach its target site in the cell. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) achieved to start nonpolar narcosis fell almost 1 order of magnitude below the BCF expected from the log Kow. Predicted critical body residues for nonpolar narcosis ranged between 2 and 1 mM.
Subject(s)
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemistry , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/toxicity , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Amphipoda/drug effects , Animals , Argentina , Daphnia/drug effects , Fishes/metabolism , Fresh Water , Scenedesmus/drug effects , Toxicity Tests, AcuteABSTRACT
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was determined, according to Hansch's approach. The acute toxicity of nine aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, isopropylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, butylbenzene) was evaluated in an Argentinean freshwater fish species. Solubility, molecular weight, and the octanol-water coefficient of partition (K(ow)) were taken as macroscopic molecular descriptors. Slopes obtained from regression analysis were similar with respect to those of the standard fish, Pimephales promelas. A potential nonpolar narcosis power (NP) concept was defined on the basis of the mode of toxic action of the assayed chemicals. Following Ferguson's principle and the critical volume doctrine for nonpolar narcosis, NP was defined as log MW*K(ow). Experimental data fitted better than regression analysis did only with log K(ow). NP improves the quantitative relationship between nonpolar narcotic compounds and their toxicity. It was more suitable to describe the physiological aspects relative to the mode of action of the chemicals assayed.
Subject(s)
Fishes/metabolism , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/toxicity , Narcotics/toxicity , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Toxicity Tests/methods , Animals , Argentina , Fresh Water , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemistry , Lethal Dose 50 , Lipid Metabolism , Models, Theoretical , Molecular Weight , Narcotics/chemistry , Regression Analysis , Risk Assessment/methodsABSTRACT
Se analizaron muestras de lodos activados provenientes de sistemas de depuración de dos industrias químicas. Ambas presentaban bulking, y se determinaron las especies de bacterias filamentosas responsables de ello. En una industria se identificó Thiothrix I y en la otra el Tipo 021N. Ambas fueron eliminadas sin aplicar métodos drásticos de control mediante el empleo de agentes químicos como el cloro o el peróxido de hidrógeno. A partir del conocimiento biológico de cada especie se desarrollaron distintos selectores y controles de proceso que tendieron a eliminar el problema del bulking de un modo no destructivo para las bacterias formadoras de flóculos
Subject(s)
Activated Sludges , Sludge Treatment , Bacteria , SewageABSTRACT
Se analizaron muestras de lodos activados provenientes de sistemas de depuración de dos industrias químicas. Ambas presentaban bulking, y se determinaron las especies de bacterias filamentosas responsables de ello. En una industria se identificó Thiothrix I y en la otra el Tipo 021N. Ambas fueron eliminadas sin aplicar métodos drásticos de control mediante el empleo de agentes químicos como el cloro o el peróxido de hidrógeno. A partir del conocimiento biológico de cada especie se desarrollaron distintos selectores y controles de proceso que tendieron a eliminar el problema del bulking de un modo no destructivo para las bacterias formadoras de flóculos
Subject(s)
Activated Sludges , Sludge Treatment , Sludges from Wastewater Treatment , BacteriaABSTRACT
Se evaluó la ecotoxicidad de efluentes provenientes de la industria química sobre poblaciones algales fitoplanctónicas. Los efluentes utilizados correspondieron a una industria productora de plásticos y formulación de herbicidas (PH) y a una industria de fabricación de colorantes (C). Los resultados reflejan el impacto de los dos efluentes sobre los organismos de prueba. En el caso de la industria PH los efectos registrados fueron estimulación del crecimiento vinculado con las elevadas concentraciones de nutrientes descargadas. Por el contrario la industria C reflejó efectos tóxicos inhibitorios del crecimiento poblacional a partir de concentraciones muy bajas (3 ) del efluente
Subject(s)
Industrial Effluents , Chemical Industry , ToxicityABSTRACT
Se evaluó la ecotoxicidad de efluentes provenientes de la industria química sobre poblaciones algales fitoplanctónicas. Los efluentes utilizados correspondieron a una industria productora de plásticos y formulación de herbicidas (PH) y a una industria de fabricación de colorantes (C). Los resultados reflejan el impacto de los dos efluentes sobre los organismos de prueba. En el caso de la industria PH los efectos registrados fueron estimulación del crecimiento vinculado con las elevadas concentraciones de nutrientes descargadas. Por el contrario la industria C reflejó efectos tóxicos inhibitorios del crecimiento poblacional a partir de concentraciones muy bajas (3 ) del efluente
Subject(s)
Industrial Effluents , Chemical Industry , ToxicityABSTRACT
En este trabajo se presenta un estudio diagnóstico de muestras provenientes de una planta de tratamiento, mediante lodos activados, de efluentes líquidos derivados de una curtiembre. Las muestras presentaron un SVI de 287 cm3/g, un IB de 16.7 y un volumen final después de 30 minutos de sedimentación de 95 o/o. Produciendo estos índices la presencia de bacterias filamentosas, Gram y Neisser negativas y positivas al test. Se diagnosticó así un bulking filamentoso por Thiothix tipo 1. Los autores proponen que la oxidación de los sulfuros de entrada y el ingreso de cargas orgánicas medias y estables evitarían la aparición de esta patología
Subject(s)
Industrial Effluent Treatment , Tanning , Activated SludgesABSTRACT
En este trabajo se presenta un estudio diagnóstico de muestras provenientes de una planta de tratamiento, mediante lodos activados, de efluentes líquidos derivados de una curtiembre. Las muestras presentaron un SVI de 287 cm3/g, un IB de 16.7 y un volumen final después de 30 minutos de sedimentación de 95 o/o. Produciendo estos índices la presencia de bacterias filamentosas, Gram y Neisser negativas y positivas al test. Se diagnosticó así un bulking filamentoso por Thiothix tipo 1. Los autores proponen que la oxidación de los sulfuros de entrada y el ingreso de cargas orgánicas medias y estables evitarían la aparición de esta patología
