Proportionate universalism intervention is effective for tackling nutritional social gradient in adolescents: the PRALIMAP-INÈS mixed randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of proportionate universalism intervention to reduce the slope of the nutritional social gradient in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: A mixed (experimental and quasi-experimental) multicentre trial. METHODS: Data from 985 adolescents of the PRALIMAP-INÈS trial (North-eastern France, 2012-2015) were analysed. For this, adolescents were split into five social classes according to the Family Affluence Scale: Highly Less Advantaged (H.L.Ad; n = 33), Less Advantaged (L.Ad; n = 155), Intermediate (Int; n = 404), Advantaged (Ad; n = 324) and Highly Advantaged (H.Ad; n = 69). The overweight care management was a standard care for all and a strengthened one adapted to the social class of adolescents. The main outcome was the 1-year change of the body mass index z-score (BMIz) slope. Other nutritional outcomes were BMI, ΔBMIp95 (BMI minus 95th percentile of the WHO reference), %BMIp95 (percent of 95th percentile of the WHO reference), leisure-time sport, consumption of fruits and vegetables and consumption of sugary foods and drinks. RESULTS: The inclusion data confirmed a weight social gradient expressed by a significant BMIz linear regression coefficient (ß = -0.09 [-0.14 to -0.04], P < 0.0001). The higher the social class, the lower the BMIz. The 1-year BMIz linear regression coefficient was -0.07 [-0.12 to -0.02], corresponding to a significant weight social gradient reduction of 23.3% (ß = 0.021 [0.001 to 0.041]; P = 0.04). Consistent results were found for other nutritional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: PRALIMAP-INÈS shows that proportionate universalism intervention is effective to reduce the adolescents' nutritional social gradient and suggests that equitable health programmes and policies are a realistic goal.

A strain rate dependent model with decreasing Young's Modulus for cortical human bone.

In the existing literature, some studies have observed an increase in the elastic modulus of human cortical bone with strain rate, which has been described as a consequence of the viscoelastic properties of the bone. However, these results contradict the findings of other studies, in which an independence or decrease of the elastic modulus with strain rate is observed, which could be explained by other non-viscoelastic mechanisms. This research studies the dynamic behavior of human cortical bone specimens and investigates their mechanical properties . A full and objective strain rate dependent model is proposed and used to describe the experimental results obtained from uniaxial tensile tests of twenty-one human rib cortical bone specimens from twelve male post mortem human subjects (average age of 68.5 ± 12.3 years). In addition, a general discussion of some families of viscoelastic models is given and the caution with which they should be used when dealing with complex materials such as bone. The main experimental finding is that in the range of strain rate analyzed (ε̇=0.10-0.60), there is a significant decrease in Young's modulus (E≈ 18 GPa forε̇=0.10s-1andE≈ 8 GPa forε̇=0.50s-1), which is not of viscoelastic origin. Moreover, the most frequently used viscoelastic models analyzed in this study predict how the elastic modulus should not vary markedly with strain rate for small strains. In fact, the observed behavior seems related to the findings of other researchers who observed that the microcraking damage depends on the strain rate in the same sense found in our work. This allows us to interpret the qualitative results as a consequence of the microcracking that takes place within the cortical bone, and not related to viscoelastic effects.

Criterios de justificación de discrepancias en el Servicio de Conciliación de la medicación al alta hospitalaria: Guía para farmacéuticos comunitarios / Criteria for Justifying Discrepancies in the Hospital Discharge Medication Reconciliation Service: Guidance for Community Pharmacists

JUSTIFICACIÓN: más del 90 % de los pacientes conciliados al alta hospitalaria presentan algún tipo de discrepancia en su medicación, aunque solo entre 5-15% son errores de conciliación. Para la prestación del Servicio de Conciliación, es necesario conocer la justificación clínica de la mayoría de las discrepancias.OBJETIVOS: seleccionar criterios que faciliten al farmacéutico comunitario la justificación de las discrepancias identificadas al alta hospitalaria, elaborar una guía y evaluar la satisfacción de los farmacéuticos con su uso en el estudio Concilia Medicamentos.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: un grupo constituido por un farmacéutico comunitario, un farmacéutico hospitalario, un profesor de farmacología y dos de atención farmacéutica seleccionaron los grupos terapéuticos que presentan discrepancias más habitualmente. Los criterios se seleccionaron de acuerdo con la evidencia científica disponible en las guías clínicas y fichas técnicas. Utilizaron la guía 188 farmacéuticos comunitarios de 8 provincias españolas para la justificación de las discrepancias detectadas en el estudio Concilia Medicamentos 2. La satisfacción de los farmacéuticos se analizó mediante un cuestionario online al finalizar el estudio.RESULTADOS/DISCUSIÓN: la guía de evaluación de discrepancias desarrollada recoge 20 grupos terapéuticos de tratamientos crónicos habituales, estructurados en 13 tablas: Inhibidores de la bomba de protones, antidiabéticos, antiagregantes plaquetarios, anticoagulantes orales, diuréticos, betabloqueantes, calcioantagonistas, IECA, ARA-II, estatinas, AINE, opioides, benzodiazepinas y análogos. (AU)

Simulación Mediante Elemento Finito de Sistemas Intramedulares Telescópicos para Rehabilitación de Pacientes con Osteogénesis Imperfecta / Simulation by Finite Element Method of Intramedullary Telescopic Systems for Rehabilitation of Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Resumen En el trabajo se plantea el análisis de diferentes geometrías para un dispositivo intramedular, las cuales ayudan a reducir y evitar la migración, deformación y rotura del implante en tejido óseo afectado con Osteogénesis Imperfecta (OI). Se realizaron diseños en CAD de diferentes prototipos, donde se analizan las propiedades mecánicas en el alma del dispositivo, así como en las roscas distal y proximal de los implantes macho y hembra. Asimismo, se obtuvieron modelos 3D de huesos de un infante afectado con OI para realizar simulaciones mediante elemento finito de la interacción entre el hueso y el dispositivo intramedular. Los resultados muestran que los prototipos propuestos disminuyen la deformación del dispositivo, así como el aumento en la rigidez de la relación hueso-prótesis. Asimismo, las roscas generaron un menor esfuerzo en la unión con el hueso, lo que prevé un menor daño al tejido óseo. El trabajo se limitó al análisis numérico del rediseño de implantes telescópicos intramedulares para afectados con OI. Concluyendo que la geometría semicircular 3/4 de caña, otorga un óptimo resultado en las pruebas realizadas, al tiempo que las roscas ACME proveen una mejor sujeción en las epífisis distal y proximal de los huesos largos.

Abstract In this work we propose the analysis of different geometries for an intramedullary device, which help to reduce and avoid the migration, deformation and rupture of the implant in bone tissue affected with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). Designs of different prototypes were made in CAD, where the mechanical properties in the device's soul are analyzed, as well as in the distal and proximal threads of the male and female implants. Likewise, 3D bone models of an affected infant with OI were obtained to perform finite element simulations of the interaction between the bone and the intramedullary device. The results show that the prototypes proposed decrease the strain of the device, as well as the increase in the stiffnes of the bone-prosthesis relationship. Also, the threads generated less stress in the union with the bone, which provides less damage to the bone tissue. The work was limited to the numerical analysis of the redesign of intramedullary telescopic implants for patients with OI. Concluding that the semicircular geometry 3/4 of cane, gives an optimal result in the tests carried out, while the ACME threads provide a better subjection in the distal and proximal epiphyses of the long bones.

Numerical Low-Back Booster Analysis on a 6-Year-Old Infant during a Frontal Crash Test.

This work studies descriptively the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Chest Severity Index (CSI), with a finite element model of the Hybrid III dummy type, for six-year-old subjects in a frontal vehicular collision, using the low-back booster (LBB) passive safety system. The vehicle seats and the passive safety systems were modelled in CAD (computer aided design) software. Then, the elements were analysed by the finite element method (FEM) in LS-DYNA® software. The boundary conditions were established for each study, according to the regulations established by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), following the FMVSS 213 standard. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 120 ms and recording results every 1 ms. In order to analyse the efficiency of the system, the restraint performance of the LBB system is compared with the restraint configuration of the vehicle safety belt (VSB) only. The obtained injury criteria with the LBB system shows its ability to protect children in a frontal collision. The analyses allow obtaining the deceleration values to which the dummy head and chest was subjected. Of the studies herein performed, Study I: VSB obtained a HIC36 of 730.4 and CSI of 315.5, while Study II: LBB obtained a HIC36 of 554.3 and CSI of 281.9. The outcome shows that the restraint efficiency of each studied case differs. Used materials, the attachment system of the LBB, and the belt restraint system properly placed over the infant trunk are the main factors reducing the injury criteria rate.

Frontal crashworthiness characterisation of a vehicle segment using curve comparison metrics.

The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for the characterization of the collision behaviour and crashworthiness of a segment of vehicles, by selecting the vehicle that best represents that group. It would be useful in the development of deformable barriers, to be used in crash tests intended to study vehicle compatibility, as well as for the definition of the representative standard pulses used in numerical simulations or component testing. The characterisation and selection of representative vehicles is based on the objective comparison of the occupant compartment acceleration and barrier force pulses, obtained during crash tests, by using appropriate comparison metrics. This method is complemented with another one, based exclusively on the comparison of a few characteristic parameters of crash behaviour obtained from the previous curves. The method has been applied to different vehicle groups, using test data from a sample of vehicles. During this application, the performance of several metrics usually employed in the validation of simulation models have been analysed, and the most efficient ones have been selected for the task. The methodology finally defined is useful for vehicle segment characterization, taken into account aspects of crash behaviour related to the shape of the curves, difficult to represent by simple numerical parameters, and it may be tuned in future works when applied to larger and different samples.

Implantación de una guía de buenas prácticas para la prevención de caídas: percepción de los pacientes hospitalizados y sus cuidadores / Implementation of a best practice guideline for the prevention of falls: Perception among hospitalized patients and its caregivers

Objetivo. Analizar la influencia que la implantación de una guía de buenas prácticas (GBP) para prevenir caídas podría tener sobre la percepción de pacientes hospitalizados y cuidadores respecto a los cuidados proporcionados durante el ingreso y la adherencia (grado de seguimiento) a las recomendaciones recibidas tras el alta. Material y método. Diseño. Estudio cuasiexperimental, que incluyó pacientes>65años ingresados durante≥48h en el área médica del Complejo Hospitalario de Albacete. Muestra. Ciento cuatro sujetos (muestreo consecutivo enero-marzo de 2013). Grupo experimental (GE): ingresados en unidades con implantación de GBP. Grupo control (GC): unidades con cuidados habituales. Variables. Caídas previas y durante ingreso; estado cognitivo (Pfeiffer); independencia en las actividades vida diaria; satisfacción con cuidados e información recibida, utilidad percibida, adherencia a las recomendaciones al alta. Fuentes de datos. Historia clínica y entrevista. Análisis estadístico. Descriptivo y bivariante. Riesgo relativo. IC 95%. Resultados. Ciento cuatro pacientes, GE 46,2% (48) y GC 53,8% (56). Mujeres 51,9%, edad media 79,9 años (d.t.=7,8). Pfeiffer 4,3 (d.t.=3,7). Caídas previas 31,1%. En seguimiento una caída por grupo. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre GE/GC: edad, estado cognitivo e independencia para las actividades de la vida diaria. En el GE fue superior el porcentaje de percepción sobre la utilidad de las recomendaciones para prevenir caídas (p<0,001), mayor adherencia (p=0,0002) y estar muy o suficientemente satisfechos con la información (p<0,00004) y los cuidados recibidos (p=0,002). Conclusión. Aplicar recomendaciones siguiendo una GBP para prevenir caídas en personas mayores ha mostrado en usuarios y cuidadores mayor satisfacción con la información, mejor percepción sobre su utilidad y mayor adherencia a las recomendaciones (AU)

Objective. To analyze the influence that the implementation of a fall prevention Best Practice Guideline (BPG) could have on the perception of patients and their caregivers about the utility of the activities implemented, about the care provided during admission and the adherence (the level of follow-up) to the recommendations received at discharge. Material and method. Design. Quasi-experimental study. Patients >65 years admitted≥48h to the Medical Area of the General Hospital of Albacete. Sample. 104 subjects (consecutive sampling January-March 2013). Experimental group (EG). Patients admitted to BPG implementation units. Control group (CG). Usual care units. Variables. Sociodemographic characteristics; previous and during admission falls, cognitive status (Pfeiffer); independence in daily life activities (ADLs); satisfaction with care and information provided, utility perceived, adherence to recommendations at discharge. Data sources. Interview and clinical history. Statistical analysis (SPSS 15.0). Descriptive and bivariant. Relative Risk. CI95%. Results. 104 patients, EG 46.2% (48) and CG 53.8% (56). Women 51.9%, average age 79.9 years (s.d.=7.8). Pfeiffer 4,3 (s.d.=3.7). Previous falls 31.1%. In process, 1 fall in each group. There were statistically significant differences between EG/CG: age, cognitive status and independence in ADLs. In the EG was higher the percentage of perception about the usefulness of the recommendations to prevent falls (P<.001), greater adherence to them (P=0.0002), and to be very or quite satisfied with the information (P<.00004) and care received (P=.002). Conclusion. To implement recommendations according to an Evidence-based BPG to prevent falls in older people has shown, in users and caregivers, greater satisfaction, better perception of its usefulness and greater adherence to the recommendations (AU)

[Implementation of a best practice guideline for the prevention of falls: Perception among hospitalized patients and its caregivers]. / Implantación de una guía de buenas prácticas para la prevención de caídas: percepción de los pacientes hospitalizados y sus cuidadores.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence that the implementation of a fall prevention Best Practice Guideline (BPG) could have on the perception of patients and their caregivers about the utility of the activities implemented, about the care provided during admission and the adherence (the level of follow-up) to the recommendations received at discharge. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Design. Quasi-experimental study. Patients >65 years admitted≥48h to the Medical Area of the General Hospital of Albacete. SAMPLE: 104 subjects (consecutive sampling January-March 2013). Experimental group (EG). Patients admitted to BPG implementation units. Control group (CG). Usual care units. VARIABLES: Sociodemographic characteristics; previous and during admission falls, cognitive status (Pfeiffer); independence in daily life activities (ADLs); satisfaction with care and information provided, utility perceived, adherence to recommendations at discharge. DATA SOURCES: Interview and clinical history. Statistical analysis (SPSS 15.0). Descriptive and bivariant. Relative Risk. CI95%. RESULTS: 104 patients, EG 46.2% (48) and CG 53.8% (56). Women 51.9%, average age 79.9 years (s.d.=7.8). Pfeiffer 4,3 (s.d.=3.7). Previous falls 31.1%. In process, 1 fall in each group. There were statistically significant differences between EG/CG: age, cognitive status and independence in ADLs. In the EG was higher the percentage of perception about the usefulness of the recommendations to prevent falls (P<.001), greater adherence to them (P=0.0002), and to be very or quite satisfied with the information (P<.00004) and care received (P=.002). CONCLUSION: To implement recommendations according to an Evidence-based BPG to prevent falls in older people has shown, in users and caregivers, greater satisfaction, better perception of its usefulness and greater adherence to the recommendations.

DNA microarray analysis of the cyanotroph Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 in response to nitrogen starvation, cyanide and a jewelry wastewater.

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 is an alkaliphilic bacterium that can use cyanide as nitrogen source for growth, becoming a suitable candidate to be applied in biological treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters. The assessment of the whole genome sequence of the strain CECT5344 has allowed the generation of DNA microarrays to analyze the response to different nitrogen sources. The mRNA of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 cells grown under nitrogen limiting conditions showed considerable changes when compared against the transcripts from cells grown with ammonium; up-regulated genes were, among others, the glnK gene encoding the nitrogen regulatory protein PII, the two-component ntrBC system involved in global nitrogen regulation, and the ammonium transporter-encoding amtB gene. The protein coding transcripts of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 cells grown with sodium cyanide or an industrial jewelry wastewater that contains high concentration of cyanide and metals like iron, copper and zinc, were also compared against the transcripts of cells grown with ammonium as nitrogen source. This analysis revealed the induction by cyanide and the cyanide-rich wastewater of four nitrilase-encoding genes, including the nitC gene that is essential for cyanide assimilation, the cyanase cynS gene involved in cyanate assimilation, the cioAB genes required for the cyanide-insensitive respiration, and the ahpC gene coding for an alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase that could be related with iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. The nitC and cynS genes were also induced in cells grown under nitrogen starvation conditions. In cells grown with the jewelry wastewater, a malate quinone:oxidoreductase mqoB gene and several genes coding for metal extrusion systems were specifically induced.

Análisis morfométrico de hepatoesteatosis microvesicular alcohólica de ratas / Morphometric analysis of alcoholic microvesicular hepatic steatosis in rats

Un total de 24 ratas hembras de 4 meses de vida con peso aproximado de 250 gramos fueron divididas en dos grupos de animales rotulados como A y B. El grupo A se mantuvo con pellet y agua ad libitum sirviendo como controles mientras que el grupo B conservaba el pellet y recibía una solución de alcohol 40% disuelto en agua lo cual derivó en una esteatosis alcohólica multivesicular. Ambos grupos se mantuvieron en estas condiciones por 60 días. Posteriormente las ratas fueron sacrificadas y se extrajeron muestras tanto de hígado normal-control como de hígado graso para enseguida ser procesadas para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. De hepatocitos normales y esteatósicos se obtuvieron microfotografías electrónicas de transmisión con aumentos finales de 9.500X, las cuales fueron sometidas a estudios morfométricos para determinar fracciones volumétricas de los siguientes componentes celulares: Retículo endoplasmático rugoso, mitocondrias, inclusiones lipídicas y de glicógeno, eu y heterocromatina. De igual manera se cuantificaron las áreas celulares y nucleares. Del análisis de los resultados entre hepatocitos normales y alcohólicos se visualiza que existen notables diferencias en todos los componentes celulares cuantificados. Se concluye que los efectos de la ingesta diaria de alcohol provoca en los hepatocitos una esteatosis microvesicular que genera una drástica transformación en su ultraestructura y en su morfología, situación que se traduciría, por ende, en una variación funcional, representando de esta manera el efecto que esta droga provoca en los hepatocitos.

A total of 24 female rats, aged 4 months and weighing approximately 250 g, were divided into two groups, called A and B. The group A animals were kept on pellets and water ad libitum and served as controls, while group B animals were fed pellets and given a solution of 40% alcohol dissolved in water, leading to alcoholic multivesicular steatosis. Both groups were kept under these conditions for 60 days. The rats were then euthanized and samples of normal-control and fatty liver were taken and processed for examination by transmission electron microscope. Transmission electron microscope microphotographs of normal and steatotic hepatocytes were obtained with final magnification of 9,500 X. They were subjected to morphometric studies to determine the volumetric fractions of the following cell components: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, mitochondria, lipid and glycogen inclusions, and eu- and heterochromatin. In addition, the cell and nucleus areas were quantified and the nucleo cytoplasmic ratio of each cell type was determined. Analysis of the results between normal and alcoholic hepatocytes shows that noticeable differences exist in all the cell components quantified. It is concluded that the effects of the daily consumption of alcohol provoke microvesicular steatosis in the hepatocytes, generating a drastic transformation of their ultrastructure and morphology. This finally leads to functional variations, representing the effects produced by this drug in the hepatocytes.

Efecto de estimulaciones infrarrojas sobre hepatoesteatosis microvesicular alcohólica de ratas / Infrared laser effect on alcoholic rat hepatic microvesicular steatosis

24 ratas hembras de 4 meses de vida con peso aproximado de 250 gramos fueron divididas en dos grupos de animales, A y B. Ambos grupos se mantuvieron con pellet y solución de alcohol 40% durante 60 días generándoseles una hepatoesteatosis microvesicular. Los hígados de los animales pertenecientes al grupo B fueron estimulados con láser infrarrojo 6 J/cm2 durante 15 días consecutivos. Posteriormente, las ratas fueron sacrificadas y se extrajeron muestras de hígado y luego procesadas para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. De ambos tipos celulares se obtuvieron microfotografías electrónicas de transmisión con aumentos finales de 8.500 X, las cuales fueron sometidas a estudios morfométricos para determinar fracciones volumétricas de los siguientes componentes celulares: Retículo endoplasmático rugoso (RER), mitocondrias, inclusiones lipídicas y de glicógeno, eu y heterocromatina. De igual manera se cuantificaron las áreas celulares y nucleares. Del análisis de los resultados entre hepatocitos esteatósicos e irradiados se visualiza que existen diferencias en todos los componentes celulares cuantificados y se concluye que los efectos de la estimulación infrarroja con dosis de 6 J/cm2 provoca en los hepatocitos con esteatosis microvesicular transformación en su ultraestructura y en su morfología, fundamentalmente en la disminución acentuada de las infiltraciones lipídicas hasta en un 80% situación que se traduciría, en una variación funcional, representando de esta manera un efecto evidente que estas inducciones infrarrojas generan.

24 four-month-old female rats weighing approximately 250 grams were divided into two groups labeled A and B. Both groups were fed pellets and a 40% alcohol solution for 60 days, which caused a microvesicular hepatic steatosis. The livers of the animals in Group B were stimulated with 6 J/cm2 of infrared laser for 15 consecutive days. The rats were then sacrificed and samples of both steatosic liver and liver stimulated with infrared inductions were extracted for immediate processing via transmission electron microscopy.From both cell types transmission electron microphotographs were obtained at magnifications of 9500 X; these were subjected to morphometric studies to determine volumetric fractions of the following cell components: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondria, lipid and glycogen inclusions, euchromatin and heterochromatin. Likewise, cell and nuclear areas were quantified. Analysis of the results between steatosic and radiated hepatocytes revealed notable differences in all the cell components quantified. It is concluded that the effects of infrared stimulation with a dose of 6 J/cm2 brings about in the steatosic hepatocytes a microvesicular transformation in their ultrastructure and morphology, fundamentally in the considerable decrease in lipid infiltrations to 80%, which ultimately translates into a functional variation, thus representing an obvious impact produced by these infrared inductions.

[We and zinc]. / Nosotros y el cinc.

Nutrition is the basis of human physiological processes. Inadequate nutrition can lead to dysfunction in the metabolic chain links. One of the most important micronutrients is zinc, as evidenced by its wide range of carriers in the body. Zinc intake has a large margin in the current world population, may be 7 mg/d in the UK, reaching 15 mg/d in the U.S., although of course, the RDA's are set according to age, sex , physiological status (pregnancy, lactation, etc..), or disease. It is known that zinc is essential for the structure and function as well as DNA and enzymes, coenzymes, hormones and so on. Life is short, zinc, since the most rapidly absorbed and is transferred to tanks where it is stored, so the amount available zinc in the blood cannot be the amount "real". In this work we have done a mini-review of the passage of zinc by the body trying since their intake to their tour of the blood in both healthy and sick people.

Nosotros y el cinc / We and zinc

La Nutrición es la base de los procesos fisiológicos humanos. Una nutrición inadecuada puede inducir a la disfunción en eslabones de la cadena metabólica. Todos los nutrientes esenciales son imprescindibles y el déficit o exceso de cualquiera de ellos conlleva a efectos adversos en la salud. El cinc es un micronutriente extensamente demandado en el organismo, como lo demuestra la amplia diversidad de funciones biológicas que presenta. La ingesta de cinc presenta un gran margen en la población mundial actual, pudiendo ser de 7 mg/d en Reino Unido y llegando a 15 mg/d en EEUU, aunque por supuesto, las RDAs se fijan en función de la edad, sexo, situación fisiológica (embarazo, lactancia, etc.), o enfermedad. Se conoce que el cinc es fundamental para la estructura y funcionamiento del DNA y así como de enzimas, coenzimas, hormonas, etc. La vida del cinc es corta, dado que la mayor cantidad se absorbe y rápidamente es transferida a depósitos, donde se almacena, por lo tanto la cantidad se cinc disponible en sangre puede no ser la cantidad "real". En el presente trabajo hemos realizado una breve revisión del paso del cinc por nuestro organismo, tratando desde su ingesta hasta su recorrido por la sangre tanto en personas sanas como enfermas (AU)

Nutrition is the basis of human physiological processes. Inadequate nutrition can lead to dysfunction in the metabolic chain links. One of the most important micronutrients is zinc, as evidenced by its wide range of carriers in the body. Zinc intake has a large margin in the current world population, may be 7 mg/d in the UK, reaching 15 mg/d in the U.S., although of course, the RDA's are set according to age, sex , physiological status (pregnancy, lactation, etc..), or disease. It is known that zinc is essential for the structure and function as well as DNA and enzymes, coenzymes, hormones and so on. Life is short, zinc, since the most rapidly absorbed and is transferred to tanks where it is stored, so the amount available zinc in the blood cannot be the amount "real". In this work we have done a mini-review of the passage of zinc by the body trying since their intake to their tour of the blood in both healthy and sick people (AU)

Persistencia de los efectos del láser infrarrojo 6 J/cm² en hepatocitos de rata / Persistence of the effects of 6 J/cm2 infrared laser in rat hepatocytes

Hígados de ratas Sprague Dawley fueron irradiados con dosis diarias de 6 J/cm2 emitida por el láser AsGa equivalente a 904 nm durante 15 días De estos animales previamente anestesiados fueron sacrificados transcurridos 5, 10, 30, 45 y 60 días post irradiación para posteriormente obtener quirúrgicamente muestras de hígado y ser procesadas para microscopía electrónica de transmisión, aplicando técnicas morfométricas utilizando aumentos de 8.500 X con especial énfasis en cuantificar fracciones volumétricas de componentes celulares con el objetivo de precisar la duración de las estimulaciones infrarrojas. El análisis de los resultados entre hepatocitos controles e irradiados con dosis de 6 J/cm2 y tiempo de estimulación infrarroja revela que existen marcadas diferencias entre las fracciones volumétricas de componentes celulares determinantes de funcionalidad celular e involucrados en síntesis proteica, cuantificación que demuestra claramente que el efecto del láser infrarrojo persiste hasta los 30 días post estimulación, evidenciándose modificaciones de organelos que revelan alta funcionalidad, mientras que sobre este tiempo es observada una notable inhibición de dicha funcionalidad, concluyéndose entonces que los efectos de radiación infrarroja persisten en tiempos precisos provocando en los hepatocitos una drástica transformación en sus componentes y por ende en su funcionalidad. en estas células de elevado metabolismo.

Livers of Sprague Dawley rats were irradiated with daily doses of 6 J/cm2 emitted by a laser AsGa, equivalent to 904 nm during 15 days. Experiment animals were anaesthetised and killed after 5, 10, 30, 45 and 60 days post irradiation, in order to obtain samples of liver by surgery. These were processed for transmission electron microscopy, and morphometric techniques were applied using 8,500 X magnification with special emphasis on measuring the volumetric fractions of cell components in order to determine the duration of infrared stimulation. Analysis of the results between control hepatocytes and those irradiated with doses of 6 J/cm2 and by period after infra-red stimulation revealed the existence of marked differences between the volumetric fractions of cell components which determine cell function or are involved in protein synthesis. The measurements show clearly that the effect of the infrared laser persists up to 30 days post stimulation, with evidence of modifications of organelles revealing high functioning, while after 30 days a notable inhibition of this functioning is observed. It is therefore concluded that the effects of infrared radiation persist for precise times, provoking a drastic transformation in hepatocyte components, and thus the functioning of these high-metabolism cells.

Niveles cálcicos y hormonales en mujeres postmenopáusicas de la provincia de Granada / Calcic and hormonal levels in postmenopausal women of the province of Granada

Introducción: La menopausia es una etapa en la vida de la mujer que se produce a raíz del cese de la función ovárica, con la desaparición del capital folicular o por la ausencia quirúrgica de los ovarios. En esta situación, el metabolismo del calcio se ve alterado debido a cambios hormonales, pudiendo derivar en osteoporosis y cambios en los niveles de otros minerales. Objetivo: Estudiar el estatus cálcico en una población de mujeres postmenopáusicas y establecer la relación con factores hormonales directamente relacionados como la paratohormona (PTH) y la osteocalcina. Metodología: El estudio se realizó en 24 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 42 y 71 años. Los criterios de inclusión se basaron en la aceptación a participar en el estudio y no presentar ningún tipo de patología que pudiera afectar su situación nutricional. El Ca se analizó mediante Espectro fotometríade Absorción Atómica (AAS) en muestras de eritrocitos y plasma mineralizadas por vía húmeda. Se aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo, y mediante programa informático Nutriber (Mataix, y Garcia Diz, 2006) se obtuvo el % RDA. Se contó con la aceptación del Comité ético y el consentimiento informado. Los parámetros hormonales se determinaron por enzimoinmunoensayo mediante método colorimétrico. Resultados: La recomendación de ingesta de Ca en la población femenina adulta es de 800 mg/d. Nuestros resultados muestran una ingesta de Ca por debajo de las RDA en un 97% de las mujeres estudiadas, mientras que la deficiencia plasmática de Ca en el 18%. Por otro lado, se encontró un 19% con valores superiores a los normales de PTH, y un 82 % que mostraba valores de osteocalcina inferiores a los de referencia(AU)

Conclusión: Es importante un control y seguimiento de la situación nutricional, especialmente en lo que respecta al metabolismo del calcio, en la mujer postmenopáusica. Es necesario controlar tanto la ingesta como los niveles plasmáticos de Ca y los niveles de hormonas del metabolismo cálcico, para que la población no sufra las consecuentes alteraciones producidas por las carencias en este mineral(AU)

Introduction: Menopause is a stage in the life of the woman who comes in the wake of the cessation of ovarian function, with the disappearance of follicular capital or surgical absence of ovaries. In this situation, calcium metabolism is altered due to hormonal changes, can lead to osteoporosis and changes in the levels of other minerals. Objective: To study the calcium status in a population of postmenopausal women and to determine how directly related to hormonal factors such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and osteocalcin. Methodology: The study was conducted in 24 women aged between 42 and 71 years. Inclusion criteria were based on acceptance to participate in the study and did not show any pathology that could affect their nutritional status. Ca was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in erythrocytes and plasma samples mineralized by wet. We applied a food frequency questionnaire, and through software Nutriber® (Mataix, and Garcia Diz, 2006) won the % RDA. It was accepted by the Ethics Committee and informed consent. Hormonal parameters were determined by colorimetric enzymeimmunoassay Results: The recommended intake of Ca in the adult female population is 800 mg / d. Our results show a Ca intake below the RDA in 97% of the women studied, while plasma Ca deficiency in 18%. On the other hand, found a 19% higher than normal values of PTH, and 82% that showed lower osteocalcinvalues than the reference. Conclusion: It is important to control and monitoring of nutritional status, especially in regard to calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. It is necessary to control both the intake and plasma levels of Ca and hormone levels of calcium metabolism, so that people do not suffer the consequential changes caused by deficiencies in this mineral(AU)

Asociación entre los niveles de ácido fólico con biomarcadores de riesgo cardiovascular en atletas de alto rendimiento / Association beetwen folic acid levels with cardiovascular risk biomarkers in high performance athletes

INTRODUCCIÓN: La deficiencia de ácido fólico y de vitamina B12 disminuye el rendimiento físico. Los atletas de alto rendimiento podrían tener una ingesta insuficiente de vitaminas del grupo B si se alimentan con dietas monótonas o de bajo consumo energético. Se ha demostrado que niveles bajos de homocisteína (Hcy) en sangre están normalmente asociados con la vitamina B12 y fólico, y con un menor riesgo cardiovascular, mostrándose el entrenamiento relacionado intenso con la hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) (> 12 mg / mL). OBJETIVO: Valorar el estado nutricional en B12 y fólico, y la situación cardiovascular en una muestra de deportistas de élite y estudiar el efecto de una suplementación en la población, donde el riesgo cardiovascular está presente. METODOLOGÍA: El estudio se ha llevado a cabo con 14 jugadores profesionales de balonmano > 18años, llevando un seguimiento durante dos meses de entrenamiento intermitente intenso y suplementado con 200 mg/d de ácido fólico y 2,5μg/d de vitamina B12. Tanto al inicio como a los dos meses y a los cuatro meses se valoró la ingesta de ácido fólico y vitamina B12 (mediante recordatorio de 72h y el software Nutriber®), y se determinaron los niveles de B12, fólico y Hcy mediante enzimoinmunoensayo(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN /DISCUSIÓN: Tanto la ingesta de vitamina B12 como su nivel plasmático fueron adecuados. La ingesta de fólico estaba de acuerdo con las RDIs en humanos sanos, pero por debajo de la ingesta diaria recomendada para deportistas (300μg/d) en el 14,3% de los sujetos al comienzo del estudio; ninguno se mostró deficiente después de la suplementación. Otros autores recomiendan un consumo más alto de ácido fólico para entrenamiento intermitente intenso (400- 500 mg/d), y teniendo en cuenta estas recomendaciones, nuestros resultados muestran un 50-85,5%, respectivamente, de deportistas con una ingesta deficiente de ácido fólico. Aun así, los niveles de ácido fólico en plasma se encuentran dentro de los niveles de referencia (ref. 4,2-19,9 ng/ml), aunque se encuentra una asociación negativa significativa entre los niveles plasmáticos de fólico y Hcy (p <0,05). ¿Cuál es la ingesta real recomendada de fólico y vitamina B12 en deportistas con entrenamiento intermitente intenso? Los atletas de élite deben ser controlados mediante un exhaustivo asesoramiento y seguimiento nutricional y clínico. Es necesario el ajuste de las recomendaciones de vitamina B12 y ácido fólico para optimizar el rendimiento deportivo y prevenir problemas cardiovasculares comunes asociados(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12 reduced physical performance. High performance athletes may have an insufficient intake of vitamins of group B if they are fedmonotonous diets with low energy consumption. It has been shown that low levels of homocysteine (Hcy) levels are usually associated with vitamin B12 and folic acid, and reduced cardiovascular risk, showing the intense training associated with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) (> 12 mg / mL). OBJECTIVE: To assess the nutritional status of B12 and folate, and cardiovascular status in a sample of elite athletes and to study the effect of supplementation in the population where cardiovascular risk is present. METHODS: The study was conducted with 14 professional handball players > 18 years, followed for two months of intense intermittent training and supplemented with 200 mg / d of folic acid and 2.5μg /d of vitamin B12. At baseline and at two months and four months we evaluated the intake of folic acid and vitamin B12 (72h-recall and Nutriber ® software), and determined the levels of B12, folate and Hcy by enzyme immunoassay(AU)

CONCLUSION / DISCUSSION: Both the intake of vitamin B12 and its plasma level was adequate. Folate intake was according to the RDIs in healthy humans, but below the recommended daily intake for athletes (300μg / d) in 14.3% of subjects at baseline, none were poor after the supplementation. Other authors recommend a higher intake of folic acid to intense intermittent training (400 - 500 mg /d), and taking into account these recommendations, our results showed a 50-85.5%, respectively, Athletes with an inadequate intake of folic acid. Still, folic acid levels in plasma are within the reference levels (ref. 4.2 to 19.9 ng / ml), although there is a significant negative association between plasma levels of folate and Hcy (p <0.05). What is the recommended intake of folic real and vitamin B12 in intense intermittent training athletes? Elite athletes should be monitored by a comprehensive nutritional counseling and clinical monitoring. Adjustment is needed on the recommendations of vitamin B12 and folic acid to optimize athletic performance and prevent cardiovascular problems commonly associated(AU)

Asociación de la deficiencia de cinc con factores inmunológicos y clínicos / Association between zinc deficiency and immunological and clinical factors

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cinc es un elemento imprescindible para el buen funcionamiento del organismo en todas las etapas de la vida, tanto para la síntesis celular, la reparación de tejidos y el desarrollo cerebral como para el crecimiento. Es cofactor de numerosas enzimas (lactato deshidrogenasa, fosfatasa alcalina, anhidrasa carbónica, carboxipeptidasa, SOD, etc.), siendo muy importante para el funcionamiento de la próstata, desarrollo de los órganos de reproducción, para buen funcionamientode la retina, y está involucrado en la regeneración de rodopsina. El sistema inmune requiere de Zn y es necesario para el mantenimiento de la integridad estructural del ADN y la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos y proteínas. OBJETIVO: El objetivo es estudiar el estado nutricional del cinc en una población sana y establecer la relación con otros factores como ejercicio físico, consumo de alcohol, y otros parámetros bioquímicos como GOT, FA, CPK, ASLO Inmunoglobulina G, Inmunoglobulina A, Alfa 1 anti tripsina, LDH, factor reumatoide. METODOLOGÍA: El estudio se realizó en un colectivo de personas de 21 a 59 años, 56 hombres y 61mujeres. Los criterios de inclusión se basaron en la aceptación de los sujetos a participar en el estudio y en que dichos sujetos no presentaran ningún tipo de patología que pudiera afectar su situación nutricional. El Zn se analizó mediante Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica (AAS) en muestras de eritrocitos y plasma mineralizadas por vía húmeda. Se aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo, y mediante programa informático Nutriber® (Mataix, y Garcia Diz, 2006) se obtuvo el % RDA. Se contó con la aceptación del Comité ético y el consentimiento informado. Los parámetros clínicos analizados se determinaron en un equipo autoanalizador Hitachi mediante método colorimétrico(AU)

RESULTADOS: La recomendación de ingesta de Zn en la población adulta es de 7 a 15 mg/d. Nuestros resultados muestran una ingesta de Zn por debajo de los 2/3 de las RDA en un 56% de los individuos estudiados. En plasma, aparece deficiencia de Zn en el 17%, y en eritrocitos en un 35%. Se encontró una correlación significativa positiva entre los niveles de Zn y el consumo de alcohol, los niveles de GOT, FA, CPK, ASLO, IgG, IgA y α-1-Antitripsina, y negativa con la intensidad de ejercicio, LDH y factor reumatoide CONCLUSIÓN: según los resultados obtenidos, se hace necesario controlar tanto la ingesta como los niveles plasmáticos y eritrocitarios de Zn para que la población no sufra carencias en este mineral que derivan en el desarrollo de numerosas enfermedades, tal y como se demuestra con las asociaciones encontradas con los parámetros clínicos inmunológicos y enzimáticos que afectan a la integridad celular(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Zinc is an essential element for the proper functioning of the body at all stages of life, both for cell synthesis, tissue repair and brain development to growth. Cofactor of numerous enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, SOD, etc.), being very important for the functioning of the prostate, development of reproductive organs for proper functioning of the retina, and is involved in the regeneration of rhodopsin. The immune system requires Zn and is necessary for maintaining the structural integrity of DNA and the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to study the nutritional status of zinc in a healthy population and establish relationship with other factors such as exercise, alcohol consumption, and other biochemical parameters such as GOT, ALP, CPK, ALSO immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A, alpha 1antitrypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, rheumatoid factor. METHODS: The study was conducted in a group of people from 21 to 59 years, 56 men and 61women. Inclusion criteria were based on the acceptance of subjects to participate in the study and that these subjects did not display any pathology that could affect their nutritional status. Zn was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in blood cells and plasma samples mineralized by wet. We applied a food frequency questionnaire, and through software Nutriben (Mataix, and Garcia Diz, 2006) won the% RDA. It was accepted by the Ethics Committee and informed consent. The clinical parameters analyzed were determined on a computer Hitachi autoanalyzer using a colorimetric method. RESULTS: The recommended intake of Zn in the adult population is 7 to 15 mg/d. Our results show that Zn intake below 2 / 3 of the RDA in 56% of individuals studied. In plasma, Zn deficiency occursin 17%. There was a significant positive correlation between Zn levels and alcohol consumption, levels of GOT, ALP, CPK, ASO, Immunogen, Inmuno A and alpha-1-antitrypsin, and negative with exercise intensity, LDH and rheumatoid factor CONCLUSION: According to the results, it is necessary to control both the intake and plasma and cellular levels of Zn for the population are deficient in this mineral that lead to the development of numerous diseases, as demonstrated by the association found with immunological and clinical parameters that affect enzymatic cell integrity (AU)