Alpha lipoic acid supplementation improved antioxidant enzyme activities in hemodialysis patients.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients and oxidative stress is an important risk factor for CVD. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are primary antioxidant enzymes in human cells acting against toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their reduced activity may contribute to oxidative disorders in HD patients. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) as a potent strong antioxidant may affect these enzymes. Objective: We examined the effects of ALA supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities in HD patients. Method: In this double-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 63 HD patients (43 males and 20 females; age range: 22-79 years) were assigned into the ALA group (n: 31), receiving a daily dose of ALA (600 mg), or a control group (n: 32), receiving placebo for 8 weeks. Body mass index (BMI), antioxidant enzymes, albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb) were determined before and after intervention. Results: At baseline, the mean blood activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT in ALA group were 1032±366, 18.9±5.09 and 191±82.7 U/gHb which increased at the end of study to 1149±502, 19.1±7.19 and 208±86.6 U/gHb respectively. However, only the increase of SOD was statistically significant in comparison with placebo group (P = 0.04). The mean levels of Alb, Hb, weight and BMI were not significantly changed in study groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: ALA may be beneficial for HD patients by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes; however, further studies are needed to achieve precise results.

The Relationship between Carotid and Femoral Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Histopathologic Grade of Atherosclerosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Variability in the grade of atherosclerosis among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) could affect the ultrasound measurements of intima media thickness (IMT). We sought to investigate IMTs of carotid (cIMT) and femoral (fIMT) arteries in CKD patients and assess the degree of their correlation with histopathological atherosclerosis. METHODS: Eighty-nine out of 99 enrolled subjects completed this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: 34 patients with CKD (Case group), 31 with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, positive control group), and 24 healthy kidney donors (negative control group). For histopathological assessment of atherosclerosis, arterial tissue samples were obtained from the patients in each study group. The cIMT and fIMTs were measured by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Histopathological atherosclerosis was present in 82.3, 100, and 20.8% of CKD, CABG, and donor groups respectively (p < 0.001). CKD patients had higher values of cIMT and fIMT than the donor group (p = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). cIMT was positively correlated with the grade of atherosclerosis in the CKD group only (p < 0.001), while fIMT was correlated with the grade of atherosclerosis in both CKD and donor groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively). In CKD patients, cIMT >0.65 mm and femoral values >0.57 mm predicted the presence of histopathological atherosclerosis with sensitivities of 96 and 92% respectively. CONCLUSION: Higher values of cIMT and fIMT in CKD patients are associated with higher rates and degrees of histopathological atherosclerosis. Additionally, when compared to fIMT, cIMT has a higher sensitivity for detecting atherosclerosis in CKD patients.

Short-term effects of lovastatin therapy on proteinuria of type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A clinical trial study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by albuminuria, hypertension, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A is a well-known agent that is active in lowering total plasma and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in cases with hypercholesterolemia. Hence, in this study, proteinuria changes at the beginning and after the withdrawal of lovastatin in patients with type 2 DN (T2DN) were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lovastatin was administered for thirty male patients with T2DN and then was withdrawn. Twenty-four hours, urine creatinine and protein levels were determined. RESULTS: The mean levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C were reduced without any change in the triglyceride (TG) level while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased. There was a reverse linear correlation between the changes in the level of HDL-C and the changes in the level of 24 h urine protein after 90 days of lovastatin therapy (P = 0.007, r = -0.484). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term 3-month lovastatin therapy has no effect on proteinuria levels in patients with T2DN despite the antihyperlipidemic effects and reverse correlation of proteinuria with HDL-C.

Evaluation of a biosimilar recombinant alpha epoetin in the management of anemia in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of human recombinant erythropoietins (rHuEPOs) in the treatment of anemia with different etiologies is proven. Development of biosimilar rHuEPO products with lower cost and wider availability is important for the care of anemic patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the bioequivalence and safety of a biosimilar rHuEPO (Pastopoitin(®)) and compare it with the innovator product Eprex(®), as a standard rHuEPO. METHODS: One hundred and seven anemic patients on stable hemodialysis were recruited to this randomized double-blind comparative trial and assigned to either subcutaneous Pastopoitin (n = 50) or Eprex (n = 57). Each study group received rHuEPO at a dose of 80-120 IU/kg/week in 2-3 divided doses for a period of 3 months. Hematologic parameters including Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, EBC, platelet, MCV, MCH and MCHC were checked every 2 weeks. Blood iron, ferritin, TIBC, creatinine, BUN and electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and P) were evaluated monthly over the 3 months. RESULTS: A significant increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC was observed by the end of study in both Pastopoitin and Eprex groups (p < 0.001). However, these factors were not significantly different between the groups, neither at baseline nor at the end of study (p > 0.05). Likewise, the groups were comparable regarding MCV, MCH, MCHC, iron, ferritin, TIBC, creatinine, BUN and electrolytes at baseline as well as at the end of trial. Adverse events were not serious and occurred with the same frequency in the study groups. CONCLUSION: Pastopoitin showed comparable efficacy and safety profile with Eprex in anemic patients on hemodialysis. Hence, Pastopoitin may be considered as a rHuEPO with a lower cost and wider availability compared with the innovator product Eprex.

Lovastatin for reduction of leptin in nondialysis patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus, mostly ending to end-stage renal disease. Leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP), as inflammatory markers implicated in the progression of DN, increase in diabetes mellitus, while transferrin and albumin, as members of anti-oxidant defense mechanism, are found to decline. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a controlled clinical trial, 65 patients with type 2 DN were assigned to receive lovastatin or placebo, for 3 months, to assess statins' impact on serum levels of leptin, CRP, transferrin, albumin, and lipid profile. RESULTS: Serum levels of CRP (3.52 +/- 4.16 mg/dL to 2.84 +/- 3.06 mg/dL, P = .02), leptin (10.78 +/- 8.30 mg/dL to 7.80 +/- 5.41 mg/dL, P = .006), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (116.16 +/- 46.54 mg/dL to 85.46 +/- 29.22 mg/dL, P = .001), and total cholesterol (199.00 +/- 43.33 mg/dL to 164.67 +/- 35.19 mg/dL, P = .001) were lowered after lovastatin therapy. Mean serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (40.00 mg/dL to 42.80 mg/dL, P = .005) after the treatment. Lovastatin had no significant effect on albumin and transferrin. Placebo did not change any of the parameters after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of statins on the inflammatory markers involved in the development of DN is a new approach to evidence supporting the pleiotropic effect of this drug group.

Effect of hemodialysis on pulmonary function tests and plasma endothelin levels.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a complex illness that involves different organs including the lungs. We studied the pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases (ABG) and plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels to check whether there is any change in their levels after hemodialysis (HD) in patients with ESRD. In this cross-sectional study (from July 2009 to April 2010), 20 patients with ESRD were evaluated. ABG, spirometric parameters and plasma ET-1 were measured before and after HD in these patients. Student's t-test was performed to clarify the differences and Pearson's test was used for correlations. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant reduction was seen in oxygen saturation (O2sat), partial pressure of carbon-dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2) after a HD session (P <0.001). Also, improvement was seen in all spirometric parameters except forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) after HD. Plasma ET-1 levels decreased significantly after HD. Mean ET-1 before HD was 6.88 + 5.81 pg/mL while it was 3.91 + 2.76 pg/mL after HD (P = 0.009). Based on the plasma levels of ET-1, the patients were divided into two groups. The mean level of ET-1 was higher in the first group. Significant increase was seen in spirometric parameters in the second group. Our study suggests that, in patients with ESRD, plasma ET-1 level is higher than in the normal population, and this is closely related to deterioration of pulmonary function tests. Significant reduction of plasma ET-1 may be an important factor in the improvement of spiro-metry parameters after HD.

Effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in patient with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure is a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function, and the hemodialysis (HD) is one of the most common modalities in this regard. Oxidative stresses [like interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] and inflammation are the main risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases and other complications in many organs in hemodialysis patients; meanwhile, antioxidants like alpha lipoic acid (ALA) may reduce the oxidative stress markers and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, so can improve of the patient's quality of life. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial study, 60 HD patients were randomly categorized in two case and control groups. Case group received a daily capsule of 600 mg of ALA supplementation for 8 weeks, and the control group received placebo capsules daily. The serum level of IL-8 and TNF-α was measured in both groups before and after the intervention. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, duration of dialysis, and causative factor for dialysis between both groups (P > 0.05). The mean of IL-8 and TNF-α after the intervention in case group was 26.20 ± 15.34 and 21.25 ± 9.61, respectively; the difference between both groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the better feeling and other beneficial effects of ALA were found in our study; we can conclude that it is a beneficial and recommended supplement, especially, for diabetic and dialysis patients.

Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on DNA damage induced by cigarette smoking.

The study examined the influence of fish oil (FO) supplementation on serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels as indicated by DNA damage markers and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) among male cigarette smokers. This double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study was conducted among healthy cigarette smokers (n=40) who were part of a larger prospective cohort study. Twenty smokers were randomly selected to receive FO for 3 months (1 g/day), and another 20 smokers received a placebo for 3 months; 8-OHdG and TAC levels were measured in blood samples before and after the intervention. Serum 8-OHdG significantly decreased (p=0.001) and TAC increased (p<0.001) after 3 months of treatment with FO. Between baseline and endline, the difference in 8-OHdG significantly correlated with the difference in TAC among smokers who received FO (r=-0.540, p=0.014). The study provides evidence that FO supplementation can modify decreased antioxidants and increased oxidative DNA damage in cigarette smokers.

Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand, osteoprotegrin, and intact parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients.

Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand and osteoprotegrin are mediated to vascular calcification in the general population. Our knowledge is very sparse in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand, osteoprotegrin, intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus were measured in blood samples of 45 hemodialysis and 45 age-matched renal transplant patients. Osteoprotegrin (P = 0.001) and intact parathyroid hormone (P = 0.001) levels in the hemodialysis patients were higher than the renal transplant recipients. Osteoprotegrin had positive correlation with duration of dialysis and age in the hemodialysis (r = 0.88, P = 0.001 and r = 0.34, P = 0.02, respectively) and renal transplant patients (r = 0.92, P = 0.001 and r = 0.46, P = 0.001, respectively). Hemodialysis patients have higher osteoprotegrin levels than the renal transplant recipients. It may act as a protective factor for renal osteodystrophy or only as a secondary phenomenon of advanced renal failure.

Serum Fetuin-A and Pentraxin3 in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate of Fetuin-A and Pentraxin3 (PTX3) as the main factors for vascular calcification and inflammation in hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplant (RT) patients. METHOD: Serum was obtained from 45 stable chronic HD patients and 44 stable RT recipients. Biochemical factors, intact Parathormone, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), Fetuin-A and PTX3 levels were determined by standard methods. RESULTS: In the RT recipients PTX3 level was significantly higher than the HD patients [5.78(1.09-20.36) ng/mL vs. 1.65(0.24-7.89) ng/mL, p ≤ 0.001]. Serum Fetuin-A concentration was significantly higher in the HD compared to RT group [43.39(27.75-81.48) ng/mL vs. 38.76(22.26-89.07) ng/mL, p=0.020]. hsCRP level was also higher in the HD than the RT group [2.90(0.1-8.50) mg/L vs. 1.1(0.1-7.9) mg/L, p=0.003]. CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that serum PTX3 is increased and Fetuin-A is decreased after successful RT, their direct role on atherosclerosis needs further studies in the future.

Effect of lovastatin therapy and withdrawal on serum uric acid level in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: A high uric acid (UA) level is demonstrated as a major risk factor of nephropathy and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to evaluate the lovastatin effect on serum UA levels in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). METHODS: Thirty patients completed the study course, out of 38 adult male patients with T2DN who were initially enrolled. Lovastatin, 20 mg/d, was administered for 90 days. Afterwards, lovastatin was withdrawn for the next 30 days. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, after 45 and 90 days of intervention, and 30 days after the withdrawal of lovastatin. The serum level of UA was assessed by the uricase/PAP method. The lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were determined using commercial reagents and the ELISA method. RESULTS: After 90 days of lovastatin intervention, cholesterol (Chol) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly decreased and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level increased significantly, despite the unchanged level of triglyceride (TG). After withdrawal, Chol, TG, and LDL-C levels were significantly increased, without any change in the HDL-C level. The baseline serum UA level was 5.94 ± 2.02 mg/dL and not changed after the intervention (5.95 ± 2.21 mg/dL; p = 0.969) and withdrawal period (5.80 ± 1.51 mg/dL; p = 0.647). The changes of serum UA levels were not correlated with the changes of serum hs-CRP levels, both after intervention and withdrawal (p = 0.963 & p = 0.835). CONCLUSIONS: Lovastatin does not have any effect on the serum UA level in people with T2DN. There is no correlation between the anti-lipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of lovastatin and its effect on serum UA.

Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and serum lipid profile levels in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and serum lipid profile levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients. DESIGN: This was a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: The present study involved HD centers in Tabriz, Iran. PATIENTS: Participants included 63 patients with end-stage renal disease (43 men and 20 women; age range: 22-79 years) undergoing maintenance HD. INTERVENTION: HD patients were randomly assigned into the supplemented group (n = 31), receiving a daily dose of ALA (600 mg), or a control group (n = 32), receiving placebo for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. RESULTS: At the end of intervention, 11 patients were excluded from the study. HsCRP levels decreased by 18.7% in the supplemented group after 8 weeks of supplementation, and the reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group (P < .05); this finding was also significant after adjusting for baseline values of hsCRP. The mean malondialdehyde and total antioxidant status levels did not change significantly in the 2 groups during the study. The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in the supplemented group at the end of the study (P < .05); however, this improvement was not statistically significant as compared with the placebo group. No significant alterations were observed in the other lipid profile parameters within each group during the study. CONCLUSION: ALA supplementation significantly reduced hsCRP levels, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in HD patients.

Lovastatin enhances paraoxonase enzyme activity and quells low-density lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

OBJECTIVES: : To investigate the effect of lovastatin therapy and withdrawal on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) susceptibility to oxidation in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). DESIGN AND METHODS: : Lovastatin (20mg/day) was administered to 30 people with T2DN for 90days and then withdrawn for 30days. PON1 and ARE activities were measured by the spectrophotometric method. Susceptibility of LDL-C to oxidation was determined as the production of conjugated dienes. RESULTS: : After 90days of lovastatin intervention, PON1 and ARE activities and LDL-C lag phase were significantly increased (p=0.004, 0.002, and <0.001), while after 30days of lovastatin withdrawal, PON1 and ARE activities and LDL-C lag phase had not changed significantly. CONCLUSION: : Lovastatin therapy improves PON1 and ARE activities, and LDL-C susceptibility to oxidation. Despite withdrawal of lovastatin, PON1 and ARE activities, and LDL-C susceptibility to oxidation remain unchanged in people with T2DN.

Protective effect of grape seed extract on gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury.

INTRODUCTION. This study was designed to determine the protective effect of red grape seed extract (RGSE) on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups to receive RGSE, for 60 days followed by intraperitoneal injection of saline solution (as placebo) for 8 days (group 1); RGSE followed by gentamicin for 8 days (group 2); and gentamicin without pre-medication of RGSE (group 3). Oral RGSE, 40 mg/kg/d, and intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin, 100 mg/kg/d, were administered in these groups of rats. Blood and urine samples were collected on days 0 and 68 of the study. Then, the kidneys were removed for pathologic examination. RESULTS. On day 68, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were highest in group 3, which was significantly higher than in group 1 (P = .001 and P = .004, respectively), while slightly higher than in group 2 (P = .30 and P = .50, respectively). Fractional excretion of sodium was not significantly different between the three groups. Histopathological evaluation showed that rats in group 3 had significantly higher degrees of severe acute tubular necrosis and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration than the rats in groups 1 and 2 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS. This animal study suggests that pretreatment with RGSE protects against gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury as evident on tissue histology. However, this was not accompanied with significant improvement in biochemical markers of kidney injury.

Lovastatin raises serum osteoprotegerin level in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a glycoprotein, is a member of the tumor necrotizing factor alpha receptor super-family. By considering the possible role of OPG in cardiovascular disease (CVD), higher incidence of CVD in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN), and anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of lovastatin on serum levels of OPG and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) in people with T2DN. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty patients completed the study course, out of 38 adult male patients with T2DN who were initially enrolled. Lovastatin, 20mg/d, was administered for 90 days. Afterwards, lovastatin was withdrawn for the next 30 days. Serum levels of OPG and sRANKL were measured using commercial ELISA kits at baseline, after 90 days of intervention, and after 30 days of withdrawal of lovastatin. RESULTS: Serum level of OPG was significantly increased (10.76 ± 16.44) and decreased (-7.38 ± 11.98) during 90 days of intervention and 30 days of withdrawal periods, respectively, while, sRANKL level was significantly decreased (-1192.08 ± 578.20) and increased (4418.67 ± 2124.66) during the same periods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lovastatin therapy increased serum OPG level and decreased sRANKL level in people with T2DN. The withdrawal of lovastatin decreased serum OPG level, while sRANKL level was extensively increased.

Post-transplant urological and vascular complications.

To determine the prevalence of urological and vascular complications in renal trans-plant recipients (RTx) at Tabriz Renal Transplant Center, we studied 55 recipients of renal allo-grafts (25 male and 29 female patients with a mean age of 38.3 +/- 13.4 years) from October 2005 to November 2006. The surgical complications in our study included hematomas: 20.4%, renal artery stenosis: 20.4%, calculi: 7.4%, hydronephrosis or ureteral stricture: 5.6%, urinary leakage: 5.6%, lymphoceles: 1.9%, and renal vein thrombosis: 1.9%. We conclude that the most common urologic complications in our center were ureteric strictures and urine leaks, and the most common vascular complication was renal artery stenosis.

C-reactive protein level following treatment and withdrawal of lovastatin in diabetic nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) level changes at the beginning and after withdrawal of lovastatin therapy in patients with diabetic nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy were enrolled in the study. Lovastatin, 20 mg/d, was administered for 90 days. Afterwards, Lovastatin was withdrawn for the next 30 days. Blood samples were obtained before the intervention, on the 90th day, and days 1, 7, and 30 after withdrawal of Lovastatin. Serum level of HS-CRP was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Alterations in lipid profile was assessed, as well, and compared with that of HS-CRP. RESULTS: Serum level of HS-CRP was significantly reduced after 90 days of lovastatin therapy (P < .001). Then, the HS-CRP reached the pretreatment baseline level on the 7th day after lovastatin withdrawal and maintained until the 30th day (P < .001). Serum HS-CRP changes showed no significant association with lipid profile except for serum total cholesterol level (r = 0.9, P = .006) after 3 months of lovastatin therapy. Their association was re-evaluated after 7 days and 1 month of treatment withdrawal and no significant correlations were found. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that lovastatin decreases serum CRP level in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and 7 days after lovastatin cessation, CRP level increases again.

Prevention of DNA damage in renal transplantation by losartan and enalapril: the role of renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms.

BACKGROUND: In this study the effect of losartan and enalapril on the reduction of DNA damage was evaluated in regard to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms. METHODS: After determination of genotypes of RAS polymorphism by PCR, 64 renal transplant recipients were randomly allocated to one of four groups: the first and second groups were treated with E (E+: 10 mg/day) and L (L+: 50 mg/day) alone, respectively. The third group received E+L (E+L+: 10 + 50 mg/day), and the forth group received no medication (E-L-). The subjects were followed for 8 weeks. After a 2-week washout period, the E group changed to L and vice versa as a cross-over design. They were followed for another 8 weeks. Before and after treatment, we checked 8-OHdG and malondialdehyde (MDA) as biomarkers of DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. RESULTS: 8-OHdG levels were significantly decreased after treatment in the E+L+ and L+ groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). Only the TT genotype of AGT had the most antioxidative role regarding the treatment (P = 0.01). We found a remarkable correlation between MDA and DNA damage levels before and after intervention (r = 0.48, P < 0.001; r = 0.35, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The protective effects of L+ and E+L+ on DNA breaks are surprising regarding the RAS polymorphisms.

Respiratory failure in organophosphate insecticide poisoning.

OBJECTIVE: Organophosphate compounds (OP) are usual insecticides and may poison human beings in a suicide attempt or accidental exposure. They inhibit activity of cholinesterase. Poisoning may be enough sever for intensive care support. In this paper, we study the prevalence and management of sever cases as well. METHODS: We studied patients with OP poisoning, from November 2002 to November 2005 in Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, retrospectively and found patients who needed intensive care. During 4 years study, we documented 80 patients who were hospitalized due to OP poisoning and used drugs. Treatment with intravenous atropine and pralidoxime was started as soon as possible. We did not administer pralidoxim for 20 patients due to late admission (5 patients) and unavailability of the medicine (15 patients). RESULTS: Forty-five male and 35 female patients were enrolled in our study. The majority of the patients used OP for suicide attempt and 4 patients had accidental exposure. The mortality rate was 18% in patients who were treated with pralidoxim and patients without pralidoxim had a mortality rate of 21%. Ten patients were mechanically ventilated and the mortality rate was 50%. In patients without MV the mortality rate was 11.7%. The duration of intensive care stay was 7.1 +/- 2 days. CONCLUSION: Organophosphate compounds poisoning is a serious and lethal condition and needs early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In patients with respiratory failure the mortality is very high; therefore we recommended early diagnosis, careful monitoring and appropriate management of complications in reducing the mortality rate.

Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in stable renal transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to elucidate the status of calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone in patients following kidney transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 20 renal transplant recipients were evaluated. For each patient, age, sex, time since transplant, and body weight were recorded. Inclusion criteria were age > 14 years and good allograft function defined as a serum creatinine level < 132.6 micromol/L for at least 6 months after transplant. Exclusion criteria were immunosuppressive therapy other than the standard triple regimen (cyclosporine, prednisolone, and mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine) and use of any drug known to alter calcium hemostasis. Levels of 24-hour urine calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as concentrations of hemoglobin, serum creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus were measured. To obtain a mean value of serum intact parathyroid hormone in transplant recipients at our center, serum intact parathyroid hormone levels were additionally quantitated in another group of 30 renal transplant recipients. RESULTS: The mean hemoglobin level was 135.6 +/- 17.7 g/L, the mean serum creatinine level was 105.0 +/- 15.3 micromol/L, and the mean serum calcium and phosphorus levels were 2.25 +/- 0.17 mmol/L (normal range, 2.02-2.60 mmol/L) and 1.28 +/- 0.24 mmol/L (normal range, 0.81-1.61 mmol/L), respectively. The mean serum intact parathyroid hormone level was 33.17 +/- 14.67 ng/L (normal range, 10-60 ng/L). Mean 24-hour urine calcium and phosphorus values were 2.32 +/- 1.68 mmol/day (normal, 2.49-6.24 mmol/day) and 19.77 +/- 8.31 mmol/day (normal, 12.91-41.98 mmol/day), respectively. A positive correlation was found between serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels (r = +0.71, P = .006). Hemoglobin level was negatively correlated with serum phosphorus level (r = -0.65, P = .003) and sex (r = -0.57, P = .003) and positively correlated with urine creatinine levels (r = +0.69, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplant recipients with stable allograft function may have normal serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone levels. However, presence of hypocalciuria and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels might imply impaired calcium metabolism in these patients.