Effects of different concentrations of bromelain and papain enzymes on shear bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin using an etch-and-rinse adhesive system.

BACKGROUND: The dentin substrate can be modified by proteolytic agents, which may affect the bonding strength of adhesive systems to the treated dentin surface. Papain, a cysteine protease enzyme with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, can be used for deproteinization of dentin. An alternative deproteinizing enzyme is bromelain. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of deproteinization on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to deep dentin using different concentrations of bromelain and papain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty upper premolars were extracted and randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12 per group). In all groups, the dentin surface was etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Group 1 did not receive any enzyme treatment, group 2 was treated with a 10% papain solution, group 3 was treated with a 15% papain solution, group 4 was treated with a 6% bromelain solution, and group 5 was treated with a 10% bromelain solution. After applying an etch-and-rinse adhesive system, the specimens were restored with composite resin and the SBS was measured. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between groups 2 and 3 (10% papain and 15% papain, p = 0.004), groups 2 and 4 (10% papain and 6% bromelain, p = 0.017), groups 4 and 5 (6% bromelain and 10% bromelain, p = 0.021), and groups 3 and 5 (15% papain and 10% bromelain, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Deproteinization with papain and bromelain at different concentrations after acid etching did not affect the SBS of composite resin to deep dentin when using an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. However, the group deproteinized with 15% papain demonstrated a higher SBS than the group deproteinized with 10% papain, and the group deproteinized with 6% bromelain showed a higher SBS compared to the group deproteinized with 10% bromelain.

Association of macro-and micro-nutrients dietary intakes with rs2241883 genetic variants of FABP 1 gene in MASHAD study population.

INTRODUCTION: There is a relationship between macro-nutrient-intakes and the genes implicated in lipid metabolism. In this study, we assessed the association between macro-and micro-nutrients dietary intakes with rs2241883 genetic variants of the FABP1 gene. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study 2737 subjects (including 2203 subjects with dyslipidemia and 534 healthy volunteers) were enrolled as part of the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) study cohort. Dyslipidemia was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). A NanoDrop®-1000 instrument was used to do the quantitation of DNA. The rs2241883 polymorphisms were genotyped using double ARMs PCR reactions. Genotyping reagents were obtained from Applied Biosystems. Dietary intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and validated by 2 consecutive 24-h food recalls. RESULTS: The results showed no significant association between subjects with and without dyslipidemia (P > 0.05), except for the zinc to copper ratio, the value for which was higher in the subjects with dyslipidemia (4.78 (1.62)) when compared to subjects without dyslipidemia (4.68 (1.82)) (p = 0.05). Using different genetic models we found that zinc and copper were significantly different in the additive (p = 0.01) and dominant (p = 0.01) genetic models. Although, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: There were no associations between macro-and micro-nutrient dietary intakes with rs2241883 genetic variants after adjusting for confounding factors in the MASHAD study population.

Association of Healthy Eating Index and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index with the cell blood count indices.

OBJECTIVES: There is an association between diet quality and markers of inflammation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between diet quality with cell blood count (CBC) and inflammatory indices such as red cell distribution width (RDW) and white blood cell count (WBC). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 367 male subjects aged 20-69 yrs, who were employees of Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Processing Company (SGPC) completed the study. METHODS: All participants completed a questionnaire that contained questions about demography. Standard protocols were used for measuring anthropometric indices in all subjects. Blood samples were collected after a 12 hrs fast from all participants. Biochemical parameters were determined in all participants using an auto-analyzer (Eppendorf, Germany). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. CBC was measured using the Sysmex auto analyser system (KX-21 N). The HEI/AHEI scores extracted from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate the diet quality. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 16 (SPSS Inc., IL, and USA). RESULTS: A total of 674 men (aged 43.68±9.09 yrs) completed the study. The CBC indices were not significantly different between the HEI/AHEI classifications among the Iranian men (p-value >0.05 for all variables). Moreover, there was no association between HEI/ AHEI with the CBC indices in our population (p-value >0.05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, there was no association between the diet quality with the cell blood count parameters among Iranian men.

The Atherogenic Index Log (Triglyceride/HDL-Cholesterol) as a Biomarker to Identify Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Poor Glycemic Control.

BACKGROUND: Identifying appropriate biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with increased HbA1c may prove helpful in preventing increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study was conducted to analyze the diagnostic performance of the atherogenic index log (TG/HDL-C) in T2D patients with increased HbA1c. METHODS: Patients with T2D were classified into two groups according to having an HbA1c <8% or ≥8%. Atherogenic index was calculated from the logarithmic transformation of TG/HDL-C. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of log (TG/HDL-C). Insulin and fasting glucose concentrations were used to determine homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Compared with the patients with HbA1c <8%, log (TG/HDL-C) was significantly higher in the patients with HbA1c ≥8% (p = 0.025). The atherogenic index was a biomarker for the prediction of T2D patients with HbA1c ≥8% versus patients with HbA1c <8%, as shown in the area under the curve (AUC = 0.61, P = 0.013). The best cut-off point of log (TG/HDL-C) for the discrimination between patients with HbA1c ≥8% versus patients with HbA1c <8% determined to be 0.44. Atherogenic index was significantly and positively correlated with HOMA-IR in female patients (r = 0.313, P = 0.003) and in patients with an age ≥5o (r = 0.253, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The log (TG/HDL-C) in addition to its known association with enhanced CVD risk could be considered as a biomarker to predict T2D patients with poor glycemic control. Therefore, the increased ratio may provide a simple and useful way of identifying poor glycemic T2D patients who are possibly to be at elevated risk of CVD.

A comparison of dietary intake between personnel of a gas processing company and a sample population of public employees from Mashhad.

INTRODUCTION: An imbalanced dietary pattern may result in a number of non-communicable disorders that include: obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and subsequently impaired quality of life (QOL). Micro- and macro-nutrients play some important roles in maintaining human health. The objective of this study was to compare dietary intake of employees of a gas processing company, who were provided with meals by their employee, with staff from other public employers from Mashhad, in northeastern Iran. METHODS: Twenty-four-hour food recall and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were used to evaluate dietary intakes of 654 male employees of Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Processing (SHGP) Company (case group), and 681 randomly selected male public employees from Mashhad as control subjects in this observational, analytic, longitudinal, prospective cohort study. The analysis of the dietary intakes was performed using Dietplan6 software. RESULTS: Dietary macro and micro-nutrients were evaluated: including total energy, fat, MUFA, PUFA, trans fatty acids, cholesterol, starch, fiber, protein, total nitrogen, zinc, phosphor, potassium, calcium, manganese, selenium, iodine, sodium, copper, retinol, carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothen, vitamin B6, biotin, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C and vitamin D. The intake of macro-nutrients, including: energy, fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, starch, and protein; minerals including zinc, iron, selenium; and vitamins including niacin and vitamin D were higher in the SHGP group, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The dietary intake of the SHGP group contained lower amounts of several mineral and vitamins, which included: iodine, sodium, carotene, thiamin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin C, in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we suggest it will be important to evaluate the composition of meals provided by companies and organizations, especially those that provide their employees with the majority of their food intake.

Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Types of Glass Ionomer Cements Containing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles to Deep and Superficial Dentin.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The clinical success of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations depends on the strength of its bonding to dentin, yet the bond strength of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) added GIC to dentin needs to be investigated. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess if the type of GIC containing nHAp and dentin depth could affect the shear bond strength (SBS). MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this experimental study, 60 freshly extracted intact third molars were randomly divided into two main groups of flat occlusal dentin with different cuts as superficial (S); just below the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) and deep (D); 2mm below DEJ. After conditioning with 20% polyacrylic acid, each group were randomly assigned to the tested GIC (n=10) subgroups as (1) Fuji IX Extra+nHAp, (2) Fuji II LC+nHAp and (3) Zirconomer+nHAp. Plastic tubes were placed on the pre-treated surfaces and filled with one of the GIC, then stored in an incubator at 37 oC and 100% humidity for 24hr. The specimens were thermocycled at5/55 oC for 500 cycles and subjected to SBS test using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). The data analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test (p< 0.05). RESULTS: The means of SBS of Fuji II LC+nHAp was significantly higher than Fuji IX+nHAp and Zirconomer+nHAp both in superficial and deep dentin (p< 0.05). The means of SBS of Fuji IX Extra+nHAp and Zirconomer+nHAp subgroups in superficial dentin were higher than deep dentin, this differences was statistically significant (p= 0.0001 and p= 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: It can conclude that SBS was influenced by type of GIC and depth of dentin.

Effect of Papain and Bromelain Enzymes on Shear Bond Strength of Composite to Superficial Dentin in Different Adhesive Systems.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare different dentin treatments and adhesive systems on shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to superficial dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro experimental study, 60 extracted human upper premolars were cut 0.5 mm deep under occlusal DEJ and were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10) based on the method of dentin treatment and adhesive system: (A) two steps self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE bond) and (B) two steps of total etch bonding system (Adper single bond 2). (C) 10% papain + Clearfil SE bond. (D) 10% papain + Adper single bond 2. (E) 6% bromelain + Clearfil SE bond. (F) 6% bromelain + Adper single bond 2. Then, a plastic mold was placed on dentin and filled with resin composite. Shear bond strength (MPa) was tested by a universal testing machine (Zwick/Roell Z020, Germany), and the data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05) and were applied for mean comparison. RESULTS: A significant difference was detected in the SBS evaluation between the applied adhesive systems (p = 0.0007). The SBS was also significantly affected by the interaction of treatment and etching techniques (p = 0.028). The group with 10% papain as a deproteinizing agent before the self-etching adhesive system showed the highest SBS (p = 0.029). There were no significant differences considering the specimens exposed to papain before the total etch adhesive system (p = 0.13), and the specimens were exposed to bromelain enzyme before self-etch and total etch adhesive systems (p = 0.25, p = 0.84, respectively). CONCLUSION: Papain enzyme treatment with the self-etch adhesive system increased the SBS value. Additionally, the application of bromelain enzyme as dentin treatment before two adhesive systems and papain before total etch adhesive system had no effect on the SBS of composite to superficial dentin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Application of adhesive systems and dentin treatment can influence the bond strength.