An investigation into the physical accessibility to wheelchair bound students of an Institution of Higher Education in South Africa.

PURPOSE: A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to establish the ease of accessibility to wheelchair bound students of the campus of a large institution of higher education in South Africa. Accessibility was defined not simply in terms of access to buildings, but also of the added time and distance traveled by wheelchair bound students on the campus. METHODS: Five different faculties were randomly selected and typical routes travelled by a first year student in each faculty established. The shortest possible distances were mapped out for each faculty and measured using a metre wheel. For those in wheelchairs, this distance included the distance to ramps and to lifts. Mean speeds were used to determine the time taken to travel the measured distances. A checklist was used to measure the physical accessibility of the 18 buildings concerned. RESULTS: The total mean distance traveled between lecture theatre changeover by wheelchair-bound students was 402 metres (range 278-689 m for the different faculties), which was a mean difference of 66 m (range 11-145 m) longer than for ambulant students. The mean time taken was 17 minutes (range 11-28 minutes), which was 11 minutes (range 8-19 minutes) longer than for ambulant students. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering fared the worst, at 689 metres and 28 minutes between changeover. Two of the 18 buildings measured were fully accessible, while three were completely inaccessible. Inaccessible toilets were the most common problem. CONCLUSIONS: Wheelchair-bound students consistently had to travel further and for longer times between lecture theatres in all the faculties measured. The students would therefore be unable to reach their lectures within the 10 minute time allocated by the university. The inaccessibility of the buildings limits the full integration of wheelchair-bound students into campus life. Certain administrative changes might assist in improving the ease of accessibility. Architectural adaptations, although more costly, might also prove to be effective.

Chronic in vivo ethanol administration alters the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase coupling in homogenates of rat brain.

The high activities of adenylate cyclase, phosphodiesterase and protein kinases in the synaptic terminals of the central nervous system makes these enzymes prime candidates for the in vivo actions of ethanol. Adult female rats were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol as 35% of the available calories for 6 days. This resulted in a decrease (22-45%) in the basal activity of adenylate cyclase, as determined by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, in homogenates of all brain areas tested. In these homogenates the ability of guanosine triphosphate and noradrenaline to stimulate basal cyclase activity was severely reduced. These results suggest that ethanol administration causes an uncoupling of the beta-receptor/adenylate cyclase cascade and an interruption of the control of the synthesis of cAMP.